This Act may be cited as the “Department of Energy Science for the Future Act”.

Section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139) is amended by adding at the end the following:

(a) Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act.—Section 303 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18641) is amended—

(1) by redesignating subsections (a) through (e) as subsections (c) through (g), respectively;

(2) by inserting before subsection (d), as so redesignated, the following:

“(a) Program.—As part of the activities authorized under section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139), the Director shall carry out a research and development program in basic energy sciences, including materials sciences and engineering, chemistry, physical biosciences, geosciences, and other disciplines, to understand, model, and control matter and energy at the electronic, atomic, and molecular levels in order to provide the foundations for new energy technologies, address scientific grand challenges, and support the energy, environment, and national security missions of the Department.

“(b) Sustainable chemistry.—In carrying out chemistry-related research and development activities under this section, the Director shall prioritize research and development sustainable chemistry to support clean, safe, and economic alternatives and methodologies to traditional chemical products and processes.”;

(3) in subsection (c)(3), as so redesignated—

(A) in subparagraph (C), by striking “and” at the end;

(B) by redesignating subparagraph (D) as subparagraph (E); and

(C) by inserting after subparagraph (C) the following:

“(D) autonomous chemistry and materials synthesis facilities that leverage advances in artificial intelligence; and”;

(4) in subsection (d), as so redesignated, by adding at the end the following:

“(4) ADVANCED PHOTON SOURCE UPGRADE.—

“(A) DEFINITIONS.—In this paragraph:

“(i) FLUX.—The term ‘flux’ means the rate of flow of photons.

“(ii) HARD X-RAY.—The term ‘hard x-ray’ means a photon with energy greater than 20 kiloelectron volts.

“(B) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide for the upgrade to the Advanced Photon Source described in the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled ‘Report on Facility Upgrades’, including the development of a multi-bend achromat lattice to produce a high flux of coherent x-rays within the hard x-ray energy region and a suite of beamlines optimized for this source.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full operations of the upgrade under this paragraph occurs before March 31, 2026.

“(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade under this paragraph $157,000,000 for fiscal year 2022.

“(5) SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE PROTON POWER UPGRADE.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide for the proton power upgrade to the Spallation Neutron Source.

“(B) PROTON POWER UPGRADE DEFINED.—For the purposes of this paragraph, the term ‘proton power upgrade’ means the Spallation Neutron Source power upgrade described in—

“(i) the publication titled ‘Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook’, published by the Office of Science of the Department of Energy in December, 2003;

“(ii) the publication titled ‘Four Years Later: An Interim Report on Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook’, published by the Office of Science of the Department of Energy in August, 2007; and

“(iii) the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled ‘Report on Facility Upgrades’.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full operations of the upgrade under this paragraph occurs before December 31, 2025.

“(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade under this paragraph $49,800,000 for fiscal year 2022.

“(6) SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE SECOND TARGET STATION.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide for a second target station for the Spallation Neutron Source.

“(B) SECOND TARGET STATION DEFINED.—For the purposes of this paragraph, the term ‘second target station’ means the Spallation Neutron Source second target station described in—

“(i) the publication titled, ‘Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook’, published by the Office of Science of the Department of Energy in December, 2003;

“(ii) the publication titled, ‘Four Years Later: An Interim Report on Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook’, published by the Office of Science of the Department of Energy in August, 2007; and

“(iii) the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled ‘Report on Facility Upgrades’.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full operations of the second target station under this paragraph occurs before December 31, 2030, with the option for early operation in 2028.

“(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the activities under this paragraph, including construction—

“(i) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $127,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $204,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(iv) $279,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(v) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.

“(7) ADVANCED LIGHT SOURCE UPGRADE.—

“(A) DEFINITIONS.—In this paragraph:

“(i) FLUX.—The term ‘flux’ means the rate of flow of photons.

“(ii) SOFT X-RAY.—The term ‘soft x-ray’ means a photon with energy in the range from 50 to 2,000 electron volts.

“(B) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide for the upgrade to the Advanced Light Source described in the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled ‘Report on Facility Upgrades’, including the development of a multibend achromat lattice to produce a high flux of coherent x-rays within the soft x-ray energy region.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full operations of the upgrade under this paragraph occurs before December 31, 2026.

“(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade under this paragraph—

“(i) $75,100,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $135,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $102,500,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(iv) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(v) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.

“(8) LINAC COHERENT LIGHT SOURCE II HIGH ENERGY UPGRADE.—

“(A) DEFINITIONS.—In this paragraph:

“(i) HIGH ENERGY X-RAY.—The term ‘high energy x-ray’ means a photon with an energy in the 5 to 13 kiloelectron volt range.

“(ii) HIGH REPETITION RATE.—The term ‘high repetition rate’ means the delivery of x-ray pulses up to 1 million pulses per second.

“(iii) ULTRA-SHORT PULSE X-RAYS.—The term ‘ultra-short pulse x-rays’ means x-ray bursts capable of durations of less than 100 femtoseconds.

“(B) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall—

“(i) provide for the upgrade to the Linac Coherent Light Source II facility described in the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled ‘Report on Facility Upgrades’, including the development of experimental capabilities for high energy x-rays to reveal fundamental scientific discoveries; and

“(ii) ensure such upgrade enables the production and use of high energy, ultra-short pulse x-rays delivered at a high repetition rate.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full operations of the upgrade under this paragraph occurs before December 31, 2026.

“(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade under this paragraph—

“(i) $106,925,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $125,925,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $115,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(iv) $89,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(v) $49,344,000 for fiscal year 2026.

“(9) CRYOMODULE REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE FACILITY.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide for the construction of a cryomodule repair and maintenance facility to service the Linac Coherent Light Source II and upgrades to the facility. The Secretary shall consult with the private sector, universities, National Laboratories, and relevant Federal agencies to ensure that this facility has the capability to maintain, repair, and test superconducting radiofrequency accelerator components.

“(B) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the activities under this paragraph—

“(i) $19,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and

“(iv) $17,000,000 for fiscal year 2025.

“(10) NANOSCALE SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTER RECAPITALIZATION PROJECT.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide for the recapitalization of the Nanoscale Science Research Centers, to include the upgrade of equipment at each Center supported by the Office of Science on the date of enactment of the Department of Energy Science for the Future Act, to accelerate advances in the various fields of science including nanoscience, materials, chemistry, biology, and quantum information science.

“(B) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the recapitalization under this paragraph—

“(i) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and

“(iv) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2025.”; and

(5) by adding at the end the following:

“(h) Computational materials and chemistry science centers.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall support a program of research and development for the application of advanced computing practices to foundational and emerging research problems in chemistry and materials science. Research activities shall include—

“(A) chemical catalysis research and development;

“(B) the use of large data sets to model materials phenomena, including through advanced characterization of materials, materials synthesis, processing, and innovative use of experimental and theoretical data;

“(C) adaptation of chemical system and chemistry modeling software to advanced computing systems and hardware; and

“(D) modeling of chemical processes, assemblies, and reactions such as molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry, including through novel computing methods.

“(2) COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS AND CHEMISTRY SCIENCE CENTERS.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the activities authorized under paragraph (1), the Director shall select and establish up to six computational materials and chemistry science centers to—

“(i) develop open-source, robust, and validated computational codes and user-friendly software, coupled with innovative use of experimental and theoretical data, to enable the design, discovery, and development of new materials and chemical systems, including chemical catalysis research and development; and

“(ii) focus on overcoming challenges and maximizing the benefits of exascale and other high performance computing.

“(B) SELECTION.—The Director shall select centers under subparagraph (A) on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis. The Director shall consider applications from the National Laboratories, institutes of higher education, multi-institutional collaborations, and other appropriate entities.

“(C) DURATION.—

“(i) A center selected under subparagraph (A) shall receive support for a period of not more than 5 years beginning on the date of establishment of that center, subject to the availability of appropriations.

“(ii) A center already in existence on the date of enactment of the Department of Energy Science for the Future Act may continue to receive support for a period of not more than 5 years beginning on the date of establishment of that center.

“(D) RENEWAL.—Upon the expiration of any period of support of a center under this subsection, the Director may renew support for the center, on a merit-reviewed basis, for a period of not more than 5 years.

“(E) TERMINATION.—Consistent with the existing authorities of the Department, the Director may terminate an underperforming center for cause during the performance period.

“(i) Materials research database.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall support the development of a web-based platform to develop and provide access to a database of computed information on known and predicted materials properties and computational tools to accelerate breakthroughs in materials discovery and design.

“(2) PROGRAM.—In carrying out this subsection, the Director shall—

“(A) conduct cooperative research with industry, academia, and other research institutions to advance understanding, prediction, and manipulation of materials and facilitate the design of novel materials;

“(B) develop and maintain data infrastructure at user facilities that generate data to collect, analyze, label, and otherwise prepare the data for inclusion in the database;

“(C) leverage existing high performance computing systems to conduct high throughput calculations, and develop computational and data mining algorithms for the prediction of material properties;

“(D) strengthen the foundation for new technologies and advanced manufacturing; and

“(E) drive the development of advanced materials for applications that span the Department’s missions in energy, environment, and national security.

“(3) COORDINATION.—In carrying out this subsection, the Director shall leverage and activities across the Department, including computational materials and chemistry science centers established under subsection (h).

“(4) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out activities under this subsection $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2022 through 2026.

“(j) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in this section—

“(1) $2,757,705,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(2) $2,828,896,600 for fiscal year 2023;

“(3) $3,019,489,612 for fiscal year 2024;

“(4) $3,161,698,885 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(5) $3,291,651,600 for fiscal year 2026.”.

(b) Artificial photosynthesis.—Subtitle G of title IX of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16311 et seq.) is amended—

(1) in section 973(b), by striking paragraph (4) and inserting:

“(4) FUNDING.—From within funds authorized to be appropriated for Basic Energy Sciences, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out activities under this subsection $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2031.”; and

(2) in section 975(c), by striking paragraph (4) and inserting:

“(4) FUNDING.—From within funds authorized to be appropriated in section 313 of this Act, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out activities under this subsection $50,000,000 for each of fiscal 5 years 2022 through 2026.”.

(c) Electricity storage research initiative.—Section 975 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16315) is amended—

(1) in subsection (b), by striking paragraph (4) and inserting:

“(4) FUNDING.—From within funds authorized to be appropriated for Basic Energy Sciences, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out activities under this subsection $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.”;

(2) in subsection (c), by striking paragraph (4) and inserting:

“(4) FUNDING.—From within funds authorized to be appropriated in section 313 of this Act, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out activities under this subsection $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.”; and

(3) in subsection (d), by striking paragraph (4) and inserting:

“(4) FUNDING.—From within funds authorized to be appropriated in section 313 of this Act, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out activities under this subsection $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.”.

(a) Program.—Section 306 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644) is amended—

(1) by redesignating subsections (a) through (c) as subsections (b) through (d), respectively; and

(2) by inserting before subsection (b), as so redesignated, the following:

“(a) Program.—As part of the duties of the Director authorized under section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139), and coordinated with the activities authorized under sections 303 and 304 of this Act, the Director shall carry out a program of research and development in the areas of biological systems science and climate and environmental science, including subsurface science, relevant to the development of new energy technologies and to support the energy, environmental, and national security missions of the Department.”.

(b) Bioenergy research centers.—Section 977(f) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16317(f)) is amended to read as follows:

“(f) Bioenergy research centers.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the program under section 306(a) of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644(a)), the Director shall support up to six bioenergy research centers to conduct fundamental research in plant and microbial systems biology, biological imaging and analysis, and genomics, and to accelerate advanced research and development of biomass-based liquid transportation fuels, bioenergy, or biobased materials, chemicals, and products that are produced from a variety of regionally diverse feedstocks, and to facilitate the translation of research results to industry. The activities of the centers authorized under this subsection may include—

“(A) accelerating the domestication of bioenergy-relevant plants and microbes to enable high-impact, value-added coproduct development at multiple points in the bioenergy supply chain;

“(B) developing the science and technological advances to ensure process sustainability is considered in the creation of biofuels and bioproducts from lignocellulose; and

“(C) using the latest tools in genomics, molecular biology, catalysis science, chemical engineering, systems biology, and computational and robotics technologies to sustainably produce and transform biomass into biofuels and bioproducts.

“(2) SELECTION AND DURATION.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—A center established under paragraph (1) shall be selected on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis for a period of not more than 5 years, subject to the availability of appropriations, beginning on the date of establishment of that center.

“(B) APPLICATIONS.—The Director shall consider applications from National Laboratories, multi-institutional collaborations, and other appropriate entities.

“(C) EXISTING CENTERS.—A center already in existence on the date of enactment of the Department of Energy Science for the Future Act may continue to receive support for a period of not more than 5 years beginning on the date of establishment of that center.

“(3) RENEWAL.—After the end of either period described in paragraph (2), the Director may renew support for the center for a period of not more than 5 years on a merit-reviewed basis. For a center in operation for 10 years after its previous selection on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis, the Director may renew support for the center on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis for a period of not more than 5 years, and may subsequently provide an additional renewal on a merit-reviewed basis for a period of not more than 5 years.

“(4) TERMINATION.—Consistent with the existing authorities of the Department, the Director may terminate an underperforming center for cause during the performance period.

“(5) ACTIVITIES.—Centers shall undertake research activities to accelerate the production of biofuels and bioproducts from advanced biomass resources by identifying the most suitable species of plants for use as energy crops; and improving methods of breeding, propagation, planting, producing, harvesting, storage and processing. Activities may include the following:

“(A) Research activities to increase sustainability, including—

“(i) advancing knowledge of how bioenergy crop interactions with biotic and abiotic environmental factors influence crop growth, yield, and quality;

“(ii) identifying the most impactful research areas that address the economics of biofuels and bioproducts production; and

“(iii) utilizing multiscale modeling to advance predictive understanding of biofuel cropping ecosystems.

“(B) Research activities to further feedstock development, including lignocellulosic, algal, gaseous wastes including carbon oxides and methane, and direct air capture of single carbon gases via plants and microbes, including—

“(i) developing genetic and genomic tools, high-throughput analytical tools, and biosystems design approaches to enhance bioenergy feedstocks;

“(ii) conducting field testing of new potential bioenergy feedstock crops under environmentally benign and geographically diverse conditions to assess viability and robustness; and

“(iii) developing quantitative models informed by experimentation to predict how bioenergy feedstocks perform under diverse conditions.

“(C) Research activities to improve lignocellulosic deconstruction and separation methods, including—

“(i) developing feedstock-agnostic deconstruction processes capable of efficiently fractionating biomass into targeted output streams;

“(ii) gaining a detailed understanding of plant cell wall biosynthesis, composition, structure, and properties during deconstruction; and

“(iii) improving enzymes and approaches for biomass breakdown and cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin processing.

“(D) Research activities to improve the feedstock conversion process for advanced biofuels and bioproducts, including—

“(i) developing high-throughput methods to screen or select high-performance microbial strains to improve product formation rates, yields, and selectivity;

“(ii) establishing a broad set of platform microorganisms suitable for metabolic engineering to produce biofuels and bioproducts, as well as high-throughput methods for experimental validation of gene function;

“(iii) developing techniques to enhance microbial robustness for tolerating toxins to improve biofuel and bioproduct yields and to gain a better understanding of the cellular and molecular bases of tolerance for major chemical classes of inhibitors found in these processes;

“(iv) advancing technologies for the use of batch, continuous, as well as consolidated bioprocessing;

“(v) identifying, creating, and optimizing microbial and chemical pathways to produce promising, atom-economical intermediates and final bioproducts from biomass with considerations given to environmentally benign processes;

“(vi) developing high-throughput, real-time, in situ analytical techniques to understand and characterize the pre- and post-bioproduct separation streams in detail;

“(vii) creating methodologies for efficiently identifying viable target molecules, identifying high-value bioproducts in existing biomass streams, and utilizing current byproduct streams;

“(viii) identifying and improving plant feedstocks with enhanced extractable levels of desired bioproducts or bioproduct precursors, including lignin streams; and

“(ix) developing integrated biological and chemical catalytic approaches to valorize and produce a diverse portfolio of advanced fuels and bioproducts.

“(6) INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIPS.—Centers shall establish industry partnerships to translate research results to commercial applications.”.

(c) Low-Dose radiation research program.—Section 306(d)(7) of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644(c)), as redesignated under subsection (a), is amended to read as follows:

“(7) FUNDING.—For purposes of carrying out this subsection, the Secretary is authorized to make available from funds provided to the Biological and Environmental Research Program $40,000,000 for fiscal year 2025 and $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.”.

(d) Biological sciences research activities.—Section 306(b) of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644), as redesignated under subsection (a), is amended as follows:

“(b) Biological systems.—The Director shall carry out research and development activities in fundamental, structural, computational, and systems biology to increase systems-level understanding of the complex biological systems, which may include activities to—

“(1) accelerate breakthroughs and new knowledge that would enable the cost-effective, sustainable production of—

“(A) biomass-based liquid transportation fuels;

“(B) bioenergy; and

“(C) biobased materials;

“(2) improve understanding of the global carbon cycle, including processes for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, through photosynthesis and other biological processes, for sequestration and storage;

“(3) understand the biological mechanisms used to transform, immobilize, or remove contaminants from subsurface environments;

“(4) leverage tools and approaches across the Office of Science to expand research to include novel processes, methods, and science to develop bio-based chemicals, polymers, inorganic materials, including research to—

“(A) advance the understanding of how CRISPR tools and other gene editing tools and technologies work in nature, in the laboratory, and in practice;

“(B) deepen knowledge of the genetics of root architecture and growth in crops, including trees; and

“(C) develop methods and tools to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis in plants; and

“(5) develop other relevant methods and processes as determined by the Director.”.

(e) Climate, environmental science, and other activities.—Section 306 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644) is further amended by adding at the end the following:

“(e) Earth and environmental systems sciences activities.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—As part of the activities authorized under subsection (a), and in coordination with activities carried out under subsection (b), the Director shall carry out earth and environmental systems science research, which may include activities to—

“(A) understand, observe, and model the response of Earth’s atmosphere and biosphere to increased concentrations of greenhouse gas emissions and any associated changes in climate, including frequency and intensity of extreme weather events;

“(B) understand the coupled physical, chemical, and biological processes to transform, immobilize, remove, or move carbon, nitrogen, and other energy production-derived contaminants such as radionuclides and heavy metals, and understand the process of sequestration and transformation of these, carbon dioxide, and other relevant molecules in subsurface environments;

“(C) understand, observe, and model the cycling of water, carbon, and nutrients in terrestrial systems and at scales relevant to resources management;

“(D) understand the biological, biogeochemical, and physical processes across the multiple scales that control the flux of environmentally relevant compounds between the terrestrial surface and the atmosphere; and

“(E) inform potential natural mitigation and adaptation options for increased concentrations of greenhouse gas emissions and any associated changes in climate.

“(2) PRIORITIZATION.—In carrying out the program authorized under paragraph (1), the Director shall prioritize—

“(A) the development of software and algorithms to enable the productive application of environmental systems and extreme weather prediction models in high-performance computing systems; and

“(B) capabilities that support the Department’s mission needs for energy and infrastructure security, resilience, and reliability.

“(3) SUBSURFACE BIOGEOCHEMICAL RESEARCH.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—As part of the activities described in paragraph (1), the Director shall carry out research to advance a fundamental understanding of coupled physical, chemical, and biological processes for controlling the movement of sequestered carbon, nitrogen, and other subsurface environmental contaminants, including how hydrology drives biogeochemistry across molecular to watershed scales, and how coupling between physical, chemical, and biological processes influence flows of water, carbon, nutrients, and contaminants.

“(B) COORDINATION.—

“(i) DIRECTOR.—The Director shall carry out activities under this paragraph in accordance with priorities established by the Secretary to support and accelerate the decontamination of relevant facilities managed by the Department.

“(ii) SECRETARY.—The Secretary shall ensure the coordination of activities of the Department, including activities under this paragraph, to support and accelerate the decontamination of relevant facilities managed by the Department.

“(4) CLIMATE AND EARTH MODELING.—As part of the activities described in paragraph (1), the Director, in collaboration with the Advanced Scientific Computing Research program described in section 304, and in consultation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other relevant agencies, shall carry out research to develop, evaluate, and use high-resolution regional climate, global climate, and Earth system models to inform decisions on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the resulting impacts of a changing global climate. Such modeling shall include, among other critical elements, greenhouse gas emissions, land use, watershed responses, and interaction among human and Earth systems.

“(5) MID-SCALE FUNDING MECHANISM.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—Any of the activities authorized in this subsection may be carried out by competitively selected mid-scale, multi-institutional research centers in lieu of individual research grants, or large-scale experiments or user facilities.

“(B) CONSIDERATION.—The Biological and Environmental Research Advisory Committee shall provide recommendations to the Director on projects most suitable for the research centers described in subparagraph (A).

“(f) Biological and environmental research user facilities.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall carry out a program for the development, construction, operation, and maintenance of user facilities to enhance the collection and analysis of observational data related to complex biological, climate, and environmental systems.

“(2) FACILITY REQUIREMENTS.—To the maximum extent practicable, the user facilities developed, constructed, operated, or maintained under paragraph (1) shall include—

“(A) distributed field research and observation platforms for understanding earth system processes;

“(B) instruments and modeling resources for understanding the physical, chemical, and cellular processes of biological and environmental systems;

“(C) integrated high-throughput sequencing, advanced bioanalytic techniques, DNA design and synthesis, metabolomics, and computational analysis; and

“(D) such other facilities as the Director considers appropriate, consistent with section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139).

“(3) EXISTING FACILITIES.—In carrying out the program established in paragraph (1), the Director is encouraged to evaluate the capabilities of existing user facilities and, to the maximum extent practicable, invest in modernization of those capabilities to address emerging research priorities.

“(4) USER FACILITIES INTEGRATION AND COLLABORATION PROGRAM.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall support a program of collaboration between user facilities as defined under this subsection to encourage and enable researchers to more readily integrate the tools, expertise, resources, and capabilities of multiple user facilities to further research and advance emerging technologies.

“(B) ACTIVITIES.—The program shall advance the integration of automation, robotics, computational biology, bioinformatics, biosensing, cellular platforms and other relevant emerging technologies as determined by the Director to enhance productivity and scientific impact of user facilities.

“(5) EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS SCIENCES USER FACILITIES.—In carrying out the activities authorized under paragraph (1), the Director shall establish and operate user facilities to advance the collection, validation, and analysis of atmospheric data, including activities to advance knowledge and improve model representations and measure the impact of atmospheric gases, aerosols, and clouds on earth and environmental systems.

“(A) SELECTION.—The Director shall select user facilities under paragraph (1) on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis. The Director shall consider applications from the National Laboratories, institutes of higher education, multi-institutional collaborations, and other appropriate entities.

“(B) TERMINATION.—Consistent with the existing authorities of the Department, the Director may terminate an underperforming user facility for cause during the performance period.

“(C) EXISTING FACILITIES.—To the maximum extent practicable, the Director shall utilize existing facilities to carry out this subsection.

“(6) COORDINATION.—In carrying out the program authorized in paragraph (1), the Director shall ensure that the Office of Science—

“(A) consults and coordinates with the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of the Interior, and any other relevant Federal agency on the collection, validation, and analysis of atmospheric data; and

“(B) coordinates with relevant stakeholders, including institutes of higher education, nonprofit research institutions, industry, State, local, and tribal governments, and other appropriate entities to ensure access to the best available relevant atmospheric and historical weather data.

“(g) Coastal zone research initiative.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall carry out a research program to enhance the understanding of coastal ecosystems. In carrying out this program, the Director shall prioritize efforts to enhance the collection of observational data, and shall develop models to analyze the ecological, biogeochemical, hydrological and physical processes that interact in coastal zones.

“(2) NATIONAL SYSTEM FOR COASTAL DATA COLLECTION.—The Director shall establish an integrated system of geographically diverse field research sites in order to improve the quantity and quality of observational data, and that encompass the major land water interfaces of the United States, including—

“(A) the Great Lakes region;

“(B) the Pacific coast;

“(C) the Atlantic coast;

“(D) the Arctic; and

“(E) the Gulf coast.

“(3) EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE.—In carrying out the programs and establishing the field research sites under paragraphs (1) and (2), the Secretary shall leverage existing research and development infrastructure supported by the Department, including the Department’s existing marine and coastal research lab.

“(4) COORDINATION.—For the purposes of carrying out the programs and establishing the field research sites under the Initiative, the Secretary may enter into agreements with Federal Departments and agencies with complementary capabilities.

“(5) REPORT.—Not less than 2 years after the date of the enactment of the Department of Energy Science for the Future Act, the Director shall provide to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate a report examining whether the system described in this section should be established as a National User Facility.

“(h) Technology development.—The Director shall support a technology research program for the development of instrumentation and other research tools required to meet the missions of the Department and to provide platform technologies for the broader scientific community. Technologies shall include but are not limited to—

“(1) cryo-electron microscopy;

“(2) fabricated ecosystems; and

“(3) next generation sensors including quantum sensors for biological integration and bioproduction.

“(i) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in this section—

“(1) $820,360,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(2) $886,385,200 for fiscal year 2023;

“(3) $956,332,164 for fiscal year 2024;

“(4) $1,020,475,415 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(5) $1,099,108,695 for fiscal year 2026.”.

(a) Advanced scientific computing research.—Section 304 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18642) is amended—

(1) by redesignating subsections (a) through (c) as subsections (b) through (d), respectively;

(2) by inserting before subsection (b), as so redesignated, the following:

“(a) In general.—As part of the activities authorized under section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139), the Director shall carry out, in coordination with academia and relevant public and private sector entities, a research, development, and demonstration program to—

“(1) advance computational and networking capabilities for data-driven discovery;

“(2) analyze, model, simulate, and predict complex phenomena relevant to the development of new energy technologies and other technologies; and

“(3) steward applied mathematics, computational science, and computer science; and other science disciplines relevant to the missions of the Department and the competitiveness of the United States.”;

(3) in subsection (b) (as redesignated under paragraph (1))—

(A) by striking “the Director” and inserting “(1) Director.—The Director”; and

(B) by adding at the end the following:

“(2) COORDINATION.—The Under Secretary for Science shall ensure the coordination of the activities of the Department, including activities under this section, to determine and meet the computational and networking research and facility needs of the Office of Science and all other relevant energy technology and energy efficiency programs within the Department, and across the Federal Government.”;

(4) by amending subsection (d), as so redesignated, to read as follows:

“(d) Applied mathematics and software development for high-End computing systems and computer sciences research.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall carry out activities to develop, test, and support—

“(A) mathematics, statistics, and algorithms for modeling complex systems relevant to the missions of the Department, including on advanced computing architectures; and

“(B) tools, languages, programming environments, and operations for high-end computing systems (as defined in section 2 of the American Super Computing Leadership Act (15 U.S.C. 5541)).

“(2) PORTFOLIO BALANCE.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall maintain a balanced portfolio within the advanced scientific computing research and development program established under section 976 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16316) that supports robust investment in—

“(i) applied mathematical, computational, and computer sciences research needs relevant to the mission of the Department, including foundational areas that are critical to the advancement of energy sciences and technologies and new and emerging computing technologies; and

“(ii) associated high-performance computing hardware and facilities.

“(B) EXASCALE ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINMENT.—

“(i) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Congress that the Exascale Computing Project has successfully created a broad ecosystem that provides shared software packages, novel evaluation systems, and applications for exascale users, and that such products must be maintained and improved in order that the full potential of the deployed systems can be continuously realized.

“(ii) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall seek to sustain the ecosystem referenced in clause (i) to ensure that the exascale software stack and other research software will continue to be maintained, hardened, and otherwise optimized for long-term use on exascale systems and reliable availability to the user community.”; and

(5) by inserting after subsection (d) the following:

“(e) Next generation computing program.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish a program to develop and implement a strategy for achieving computing systems with capabilities beyond exascale computing systems. In establishing this program, the Secretary shall—

“(A) maintain foundational research programs in mathematical, computational, and computer sciences focused on new and emerging computing needs within the mission of the Department, including post-Moore’s law computing architectures, novel approaches to modeling and simulation, artificial intelligence and scientific machine learning, quantum computing, edge computing, extreme heterogeneity, and distributed high-performance computing; and

“(B) retain best practices and maintain support for essential hardware, applications, and software elements of the Exascale Computing Program that are necessary for sustaining the vitality of a long-term exascale ecosystem.

“(2) REPORT.—Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate, a report on the development and implementation of the strategy outlined in paragraph (1).

“(f) Architectural research in heterogeneous computing systems.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall carry out a program of research and development in heterogeneous computing systems to address extreme heterogeneity and to expand understanding of the potential for heterogeneous computing systems to deliver high performance, high efficiency computing for Department of Energy mission challenges. This shall include research and development that explores the convergence of big data analytics, simulations, and artificial intelligence.

“(2) COORDINATION.—In carrying out this program, the Secretary shall ensure coordination between research activities undertaken by the Advanced Scientific Computing Research program and materials research supported by the Basic Energy Sciences program within the Department of Energy Office of Science.

“(g) Energy efficient computing program.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall support a program of fundamental research, development, and demonstration of energy efficient computing and data center technologies relevant to advanced computing applications, including high performance computing, artificial intelligence, and scientific machine learning.

“(2) EXECUTION.—

“(A) PROGRAM.—In carrying out the program under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall—

“(i) establish a partnership for National Laboratories, industry partners, and institutions of higher education for codesign of energy efficient hardware, technology, software, and applications across all applicable program offices of the Department, and provide access to energy efficient computing resources to such partners;

“(ii) develop hardware and software technologies that decrease the energy needs of advanced computing practices, including through data center co-design;

“(iii) consider multiple heterogeneous computing architectures in collaboration with the program established under subsection (f) including neuromorphic computing, persistent computing, and ultrafast networking; and

“(iv) provide, as appropriate, on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis, access for researchers from institutions of higher education, National Laboratories, industry, and other Federal agencies to the energy efficient computing technologies developed pursuant to clause (i).

“(B) SELECTION OF PARTNERS.—In selecting participants for the partnership established under subparagraph (A)(i), the Secretary shall select participants through a competitive, merit review process.

“(C) REPORT.—Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate, a report on—

“(i) the activities conducted under subparagraph (A); and

“(ii) the coordination and management of the program under subparagraph (A) to ensure an integrated research program across the Department.

“(h) Energy sciences network.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide for an upgrade to the Energy Sciences Network user facility in order to meet Federal research needs for highly reliable data transport capabilities optimized for the requirements of large-scale science.

“(2) CAPABILITIES.—In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary shall ensure the following capabilities:

“(A) To provide high bandwidth scientific networking across the continental United States and the Atlantic Ocean.

“(B) To maximize network reliability.

“(C) To protect the network and data from cyber-attacks.

“(D) To support exponentially increasing levels of data from the Department’s scientific user facilities, experiments, and sensors.

“(E) To integrate heterogeneous computing frameworks and systems.

“(i) Computational science graduate fellowship.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall support the Computational Science Graduate Fellowship program in order to facilitate collaboration between graduate students and researchers at the National Laboratories, and contribute to the development of a diverse and inclusive computational workforce to help advance research in areas relevant to the mission of the Department.

“(2) FUNDING.—From within funds authorized to be appropriated for Advanced Scientific Computing Research Program, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out the activities under this section—

“(A) $21,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(B) $22,050,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(C) $23,152,500 for fiscal year 2024;

“(D) $24,310,125 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(E) $25,525,631 for fiscal year 2026.

“(j) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in this section—

“(1) $1,086,050,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(2) $1,162,073,500 for fiscal year 2023;

“(3) $1,243,418,645 for fiscal year 2024;

“(4) $1,330,457,950 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(5) $1,423,590,007 for fiscal year 2026.”.

(b) Quantum science network.—

(1) DEFINITIONS.—Section 2 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801) is amended—

(A) by redesignating paragraph (7) as paragraph (8); and

(B) by inserting after paragraph (6) the following:

“(7) QUANTUM NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE.—The term ‘quantum network infrastructure’ means any facility, expertise, or capability that is necessary to enable the development and deployment of scalable and diverse quantum network technologies.”.

(2) DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.—Title IV of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8851 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following:

(a) Fusion energy research.—Section 307 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18645) is amended—

(1) in subsection (b)—

(A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking “As part of ” and inserting “(1) In general.—As part of”;

(B) by redesignating—

(i) paragraphs (1) and (2) as subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively; and

(ii) in subparagraph (B) (as redesignated by clause (i)), subparagraphs (A) and (B) as clauses (i) and (ii), respectively; and

(C) by adding at the end the following:

“(2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (o), there are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out activities described in paragraph (1) $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.”;

(2) in subsection (d)(3), by striking the period at the end and inserting “and $40,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.”;

(3) in subsection (e)(4), by striking the period at the end and inserting “and $75,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.”;

(4) in subsection (i)(10)—

(A) in subparagraph (D), by striking “; and” and inserting a semicolon;

(B) in subparagraph (E), by striking the period at the end and inserting “; and”; and

(C) by adding at the end the following:

“(F) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.”;

(5) in subsection (j)—

(A) by striking “The Director” and inserting “(1) In general.—The Director”; and

(B) by adding at the end the following:

“(2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out activities described in paragraph (1)—

“(A) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(B) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(C) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(D) $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(E) $80,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.”;

(6) in subsection (l)—

(A) by striking “sense of Congress that” and inserting “sense of Congress that—”;

(B) by striking “United States should support” and inserting “(1) United States should support”; and

(C) by adding at the end the following:

“(2) the Director shall incorporate the findings and recommendations of the report of the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee entitled ‘Powering the Future: Fusion and Plasmas’ and the report of the National Academies entitled ‘Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid’ into the planning process of the Department, including the development of future budget requests to Congress.”;

(7) by redesignating subsection (o) as subsection (r);

(8) by adding at the end the following:

“(o) High-Performance computation collaborative research program.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall carry out a program to conduct and support collaborative research, development, and demonstration of fusion energy technologies, through high-performance computation modeling and simulation techniques, in order to—

“(A) support fundamental research in plasmas and matter at very high temperatures and densities;

“(B) inform the development of a broad range of fusion energy systems; and

“(C) facilitate the translation of research results in fusion energy science to industry.

“(2) COORDINATION.—In carrying out the program under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall coordinate with relevant Federal agencies, and prioritize the following objectives:

“(A) Using expertise from the private sector, institutions of higher education, and the National Laboratories to leverage existing, and develop new, computational software and capabilities that prospective users may use to accelerate research and development of fusion energy systems.

“(B) Developing computational tools to simulate and predict fusion energy science phenomena that may be validated through physical experimentation.

“(C) Increasing the utility of the research infrastructure of the Department by coordinating with the Advanced Scientific Computing Research program within the Office of Science.

“(D) Leveraging experience from existing modeling and simulation entities sponsored by the Department.

“(E) Ensuring that new experimental and computational tools are accessible to relevant research communities, including private sector entities engaged in fusion energy technology development.

“(F) Ensuring that newly developed computational tools are compatible with modern virtual engineering and visualization capabilities to accelerate the realization of fusion energy technologies and systems.

“(3) DUPLICATION.—The Secretary shall ensure the coordination of, and avoid unnecessary duplication of, the activities of this program with the activities of—

“(A) other research entities of the Department, including the National Laboratories, the Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy, the Advanced Scientific Computing Research program; and

“(B) industry.

“(4) HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING FOR FUSION INNOVATION CENTER.—In carrying out the program under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall establish and operate a national High-Performance Computing for Fusion Innovation Center (referred to in this section as the ‘Center’), which shall focus on the early stage research and development activities described under paragraph (1).

“(5) SELECTION.—The Secretary shall select the Center under this subsection on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis. The Secretary shall consider applications from National Laboratories, institutions of higher education, multi-institutional collaborations, and other appropriate entities.

“(6) DURATION.—The Center established under this subsection shall receive support for a period of not more than 5 years, subject to the availability of appropriations.

“(7) RENEWAL.—Upon the expiration of any period of support of the Center, the Secretary may renew support for the Center, on a merit-reviewed basis, for a period of not more than 5 years.

“(8) TERMINATION.—Consistent with the existing authorities of the Department, the Secretary may terminate the Center for cause during the performance period.

“(p) Material plasma exposure experiment.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall construct a Material Plasma Exposure Experiment facility as described in the 2020 publication approved by the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee titled ‘Powering the Future: Fusion and Plasmas’. The Secretary shall consult with the private sector, universities, National Laboratories, and relevant Federal agencies to ensure that this facility is capable of meeting Federal research needs for steady state, high-heat-flux and plasma-material interaction testing of fusion materials over a range of fusion energy relevant parameters.

“(2) FACILITY CAPABILITIES.—The Secretary shall ensure that the facility described in subsection (a) will provide the following capabilities:

“(A) A magnetic field at the target of 1 Tesla.

“(B) An energy flux at the target of 10 MW/m2.

“(C) The ability to expose previously irradiated plasma facing material samples to plasma.

“(3) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full operations of the facility under this section occurs before December 31, 2027.

“(4) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated for Fusion Energy Sciences, there are funds authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary for the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences to carry out to completion the construction of the facility under this section:

“(A) $32,800,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(B) $13,400,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(C) $12,600,000 for fiscal year 2024; and

“(D) $400,000 for fiscal year 2025.

“(q) Matter in extreme conditions instrument upgrade.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide for the upgrade to the Matter in Extreme Conditions endstation at the Linac Coherent Light Source as described in the 2020 publication approved by the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee titled ‘Powering the Future: Fusion and Plasmas’. The Secretary shall consult with the private sector, universities, National Laboratories, and relevant Federal agencies to ensure that this facility is capable of meeting Federal research needs for understanding physical and chemical changes to plasmas at fundamental timescales, and explore new regimes of dense material physics, astrophysics, planetary physics, and short-pulse laser-plasma interactions.

“(2) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full operations of the facility under this section occurs before December 31, 2028.”; and

(9) in subsection (r), as so redesignated, by striking paragraphs (2) through (5) and inserting the following:

“(2) $1,002,900,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(3) $1,095,707,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(4) $1,129,368,490 for fiscal year 2024;

“(5) $1,149,042,284 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(6) $1,243,097,244 for fiscal year 2026.”.

(b) ITER construction.—Section 972 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16312) is amended in subsection (c)(3)—

(1) in subparagraph (A), by striking “and” at the end; and

(2) by striking subparagraph (B) and inserting the following:

“(B) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(C) $325,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(D) $350,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(E) $350,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(F) $350,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.”.

(a) Program.—Section 305 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18643) is amended—

(1) by redesignating subsections (b) through (d) as subsections (d) through (f), respectively; and

(2) by inserting the following after subsection (a):

“(b) Program.—As part of the activities authorized under section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139), the Director shall carry out a research program on the fundamental constituents of matter and energy and the nature of space and time in order to support theoretical and experimental research in both elementary particle physics and fundamental accelerator science and technology and understand fundamental properties of the universe.

“(c) High energy frontier research.—As part of the program described in subsection (a), the Director shall carry out research using high energy accelerators and advanced detectors, including accelerators and detectors that will function as national user facilities, to create and study interactions of elementary particles and investigate fundamental forces.”.

(b) International collaboration.—Section 305(d) of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18643(d)), as redesignated under subsection (a), is amended to read as follows:

“(d) International collaboration.—The Director shall—

“(1) as practicable and in coordination with other appropriate Federal agencies as necessary, ensure the access of United States researchers to the most advanced accelerator facilities and research capabilities in the world, including the Large Hadron Collider;

“(2) to the maximum extent practicable, continue to leverage United States participation in the Large Hadron Collider, and prioritize expanding international partnerships and investments in the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility and Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment; and

“(3) to the maximum extent practicable, prioritize engagement in collaborative efforts in support of future international facilities that would provide access to the most advanced accelerator facilities in the world to United States researchers.”.

(c) Cosmic frontier research.—Section 305(f) of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18645(f)), as redesignated by subsection (a), is amended to read as follows:

“(f) Cosmic frontier research.—The Director shall carry out research activities on the nature of the primary contents of the universe, including the nature of dark energy and dark matter, which may include collaboration with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration or the National Science Foundation, or international collaboration. These activities shall, to the maximum extent practicable, be consistent with the research priorities identified by the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel or the National Academy of Sciences, and may include—

“(1) collaborations with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, or international partners on relevant projects; and

“(2) the development of space-based, land-based, water-based, and underground facilities and experiments.”.

(d) Section.—Section 305 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18645), as amended, is further amended by adding at the end the following:

“(g) Facility construction and major items of equipment.—

“(1) PROJECTS.—Consistent with the Office of Science’s project management practices, the Director shall, to the maximum extent practicable, incorporate the findings and recommendations of the 2014 Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) report titled ‘Building for Discovery’, and support construction or fabrication of—

“(A) an international Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility based in the United States;

“(B) the Proton Improvement Plan II;

“(C) Second Generation Dark Matter experiments;

“(D) the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument;

“(E) the Vera Rubin Observatory camera;

“(F) upgrades to components of the Large Hadron Collider; and

“(G) other high priority projects recommended in the most recent report of the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel of the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel.

“(2) LONG-BASELINE NEUTRINO FACILITY.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall support construction of a Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility to facilitate the international Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment to examine the fundamental properties of neutrinos, explore physics beyond the Standard Model, and better clarify the existence and nature of antimatter.

“(B) FACILITY CAPABILITIES.—The Secretary shall ensure that the facility described in subparagraph (A) will provide, at a minimum, the following capabilities:

“(i) A neutrino beam with wideband capability of 1.2 megawatts (MW) of beam power and upgradable to 2.4 MW of beam power.

“(ii) Three caverns excavated for a 70 kiloton fiducial detector mass and supporting surface buildings and utilities.

“(iii) Cryogenic systems to support neutrino detectors.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full operations of the facility under this subsection occurs before December 31, 2031.

“(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (k), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out construction of the facility under this subsection—

“(i) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $325,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $400,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(iv) $375,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(v) $250,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.

“(3) PROTON IMPROVEMENT PLAN–II ACCELERATOR UPGRADE PROJECT.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy shall support construction of the Proton Improvement Plan II, an upgrade to the Fermilab accelerator complex identified in the 2014 Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) report titled ‘Building for Discovery’, to provide the world’s most intense beam of neutrinos to the international Long Baseline Neutrino Facility as well as abroad range of future high energy physics experiments. The Secretary of Energy shall work with international partners to enable further significant contributions to the capabilities of this project.

“(B) FACILITY CAPABILITIES.—The Secretary shall ensure that the facility described in paragraph (1) will provide, at a minimum, the following capabilities:

“(i) A state-of-the-art 800 megaelectron volt (MeV) superconducting linear accelerator.

“(ii) Proton beam power of 1.2 MW at the start of LBNF/DUNE, upgradeable to 2.4 MW of beam power.

“(iii) A flexible design to enable high power beam delivery to multiple users simultaneously and customized beams tailored to specific scientific needs.

“(iv) Sustained high reliability operation of the Fermilab accelerator complex.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full operations of the facility under this section occurs before December 31, 2028.

“(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (k), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out construction of the facility under this subsection—

“(i) $191,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $120,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(iv) $120,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(v) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.

“(4) COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND STAGE 4.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy, in partnership with the Director of the National Science Foundation, shall support construction of the Cosmic Microwave Background Stage 4 project to survey the cosmic microwave background to test theories of cosmic inflation as described in the 2014 Particle Physics Prioritization Panel (P5) report titled ‘Building for Discovery: Strategic Plan for U.S. Particle Physics in the Global Context.’.

“(B) CONSULTATION.—The Secretary shall consult with the private sector, universities, National Laboratories, and relevant Federal agencies to ensure that this experiment is capable of meeting Federal research needs in accessing the ultra-high energy physics of inflation and important neutrino properties.

“(C) EXPERIMENTAL CAPABILITIES.—The Secretary shall ensure that the facility described in subsection (a) will provide at minimum, 500,000 superconducting detectors deployed on an array of mm wave telescopes with the required range in frequency, sensitivity, and survey speed to enable an order of magnitude advance in observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background, delivering transformative discoveries in fundamental physics, cosmology, and astrophysics.

“(D) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full operations of the facility under this section occurs before December 31, 2030.

“(E) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (k), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out construction of the facility under this subsection—

“(i) $37,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $71,400,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(iv) $49,800,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(v) $84,800,000 for fiscal year 2026.

“(h) Accelerator and detector upgrades.—The Director shall upgrade accelerator facilities and detectors, as necessary and appropriate, to increase beam power, sustain high reliability, and improve precision measurement to advance the highest priority particle physics research programs. In carrying out facility upgrades, the Director shall continue to work with international partners, when appropriate and in the United States interest, to leverage investments and expertise in critical technologies to help build and upgrade accelerator and detector facilities in the United States.

“(i) Accelerator and detector research and development.—As part of the program described in subsection (a), the Director shall carry out research and development in advanced accelerator and detector concepts and technologies, including laser technologies, in order to develop and deploy next generation technologies to support discovery science in particle physics and to reduce the necessary size and cost for the next generation of particle accelerators, in coordination with the Office of Science’s Basic Energy Sciences and Nuclear Physics programs as well as other relevant Federal agencies.

“(j) Research collaborations.—In developing accelerator technologies under the program authorized in subsection (e), the Director shall—

“(1) consider the requirements necessary to support translational research and development for medical, industrial, security, and defense applications; and

“(2) leverage investments in accelerator technologies and fundamental research in particle physics by partnering with institutes of higher education, industry, and other Federal agencies to help commercialize technologies with promising applications.

“(k) Underground science.—The Director shall—

“(1) support an underground science program consistent with the missions of the Department and the scientific needs of the High Energy Physics program, including those articulated in the most recent report of the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel of the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel, that leverages the capabilities of relevant underground science and engineering facilities; and

“(2) carry out a competitive grant program to award scientists and engineers at institutions of higher education, nonprofit institutions, and national laboratories to conduct research in underground science and engineering.

“(l) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in this section—

“(1) $1,355,690,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(2) $1,512,628,300 for fiscal year 2023;

“(3) $1,653,512,281 for fiscal year 2024;

“(4) $1,681,260,141 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(5) $1,650,812,351 for fiscal year 2026.”.

(a) Program.—Section 308 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18646) is amended—

(1) by redesignating subsections (a) and (b) as subsections (b) and (c), respectively; and

(2) by inserting the following before subsection (b), as so redesignated:

“(a) Program.—As part of the activities authorized under section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139), the Director shall carry out a research program, and support relevant facilities, to discover and understand various forms of nuclear matter.”.

(b) Isotope development and production for research applications.—Section 308(b)(1) of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18646(a)(1)), as redesignated under subsection (a), is amended to read as follows:

“(1) shall carry out a program in coordination with other relevant programs across the Department of Energy for the production of isotopes, including the development of techniques to produce isotopes, that the Secretary determines are needed for research, medical, industrial, or related purposes, to the maximum extent practicable, in accordance with the 2015 NSAC ‘Meeting Isotope Needs and Capturing Opportunities For The Future’ report; and”.

(c) Program administration.—Section 308 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18646) is amended by adding at the end the following:

“(d) User facilities.—

“(1) FACILITY FOR RARE ISOTOPE BEAMS.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall support construction of a Facility for Rare Isotope Beams to advance the understanding of rare nuclear isotopes and the evolution of the cosmos.

“(B) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (f), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out construction of the facility under this subsection $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2022.

“(2) ELECTRON-ION COLLIDER.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall support construction of an Electron Ion Collider as described in the 2015 Long Range Plan of the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee and the report from the National Academies titled ‘An Assessment of U.S.-Based Electron-Ion Collider Science’, in order to measure the internal structure of the proton and the nucleus and answer fundamental questions about the nature of visible matter.

“(B) FACILITY CAPABILITY.—The Secretary shall ensure that the facility meets the requirements in the 2015 Long Range Plan, including—

“(i) at least 70 percent polarized beams of electrons and light ions;

“(ii) ion beams from deuterium to the heaviest stable nuclei;

“(iii) variable center of mass energy from 20 to 140 GeV;

“(iv) high collision luminosity of 10^33–34cm^-2s^-1; and

“(v) the possibility of more than one interaction region.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full operations of the facility under this section occurs before December 31, 2030.

“(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (e), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out construction of the facility under this subsection—

“(i) $101,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $155,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $250,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(iv) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(v) $305,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.

“(e) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in this section—

“(1) $861,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(2) $960,390,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(3) $1,106,097,300 for fiscal year 2024;

“(4) $1,210,354,111 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(5) $1,273,408,899 for fiscal year 2026.”.

(a) Program.—Section 309 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18647) is amended by adding at the end the following:

“(c) Approach.—In carrying out this section, the Director shall utilize all available approaches and mechanisms, including capital line items, minor construction projects, energy savings performance contracts, utility energy service contracts, alternative financing and expense funding, as appropriate.

“(d) Alternative financing of research facilities and infrastructure.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—Consistent with section 161(g) of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2201(g)), the Management and Operating contractors of the Department may enter into the lease-purchase of research facilities and infrastructure under the scope of their contract with the Department with the approval of the Secretary or their designee.

“(2) LIMITATIONS.—To carry out lease-purchases approved by the Secretary under subsection (a), the Department shall only be required to have budget authority in an amount sufficient to cover the minimum required lease payments through the period required to exercise a termination provision in the lease agreement, plus any associated lease termination penalties, regardless of whether such leased facility and infrastructure is on or off Government land, and if—

“(A) the Department has established a mission need for the facility or infrastructure to be leased;

“(B) the facility or infrastructure is general purpose, including offices, laboratories, cafeterias, utilities, and data centers;

“(C) the Department is not a party to and has no financial obligations under the lease-purchase transaction entered into by the Management and Operating contractor, other than allowability of the lease cost and conveyance of Government land, if needed;

“(D) the lease-purchase has an advance notice termination provision with reasonable pre-defined penalties that the Management and Operating contractor may exercise, at the direction of the Department, if funding for the lease is no longer available or the mission need ceases to exist;

“(E) there is an option for a no cost transfer of ownership to the Government once the underlying financing is retired, but neither the Management and Operating contractor nor the Department are obligated to purchase the facility or infrastructure at any time during or after the lease term;

“(F) the lease-purchase transaction, assuming exercise of the ownership option, is demonstrated to be the lowest lifecycle cost alternative for the Government; and

“(G) the cumulative annual base rent for all lease-purchases of facilities and infrastructure, inclusive of any transactions under consideration, does not exceed 2 percent of the Management and Operating contract operating budget for the year the commitment is made for the lease.

“(3) REPORTING.—Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of the Department of Energy Science for the Future Act, and biennially thereafter, the Department shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate, a report on the lease-purchase transactions that the Management and Operating contractors of the Department entered into under subsection (a) that includes—

“(A) a list of the lease-purchase transactions entered into by each Management and Operating contractor and their respective costs;

“(B) the annual percentage of each Management and Operating contract operating budget that is used for lease-purchase transactions for the year the commitments were made; and

“(C) any other information the Secretary finds appropriate.

“(e) Mid-Scale instrumentation program.—The Director, in coordination with each of the programs carried out by the Office of Science, shall establish a mid-scale instrumentation program to enable the development and acquisition of novel, state-of-the-art instruments ranging in cost from $1 million to $20 million each that would significantly accelerate scientific breakthroughs at user facilities.

“(f) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in this section $500,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.”.

(a) In general.—The Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18601 note) is amended by adding at the end the following:

(b) Broadening participation in workforce development for teachers and scientists.—The Department of Energy Science Education Enhancement Act (42 U.S.C. 7381 note) is amended by inserting the following sections after section 3167 (42 U.S.C. 7381c–1):

(a) In general.—The Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18601 note) is amended by adding at the end the following:

(b) Table of contents.—Section 1(b) of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act is amended in the table of contents by inserting after the item relating to section 309 the following:

“Sec. 310. Increased collaboration with teachers and scientists.
“Sec. 311. High intensity laser research initiative.
“Sec. 312. Helium conservation program.
“Sec. 313. Authorization of appropriations.”.