This Act may be cited as the “Department of Energy Science for the Future Act”.

Section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139) is amended by adding at the end the following:

(a) Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act.—Section 303 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18641) is amended—

(1) by redesignating subsections (a) through (e) as subsections (c) through (g), respectively; and

(2) by inserting before subsection (c), as so redesignated, the following:

“(a) Program.—As part of the activities authorized under section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139), the Director shall carry out a research and development program in basic energy sciences, including materials sciences and engineering, chemical sciences, physical biosciences, geosciences, and other disciplines, to understand, model, and control matter and energy at the electronic, atomic, and molecular levels in order to provide the foundations for new energy technologies, address scientific grand challenges, and support the energy, environment, and national security missions of the Department.

“(b) Sustainable chemistry.—In carrying out chemistry-related research and development activities under this section, the Director shall prioritize research and development of sustainable chemistry to support clean, safe, and economic alternatives and methodologies to traditional chemical products and processes.”;

(3) in subsection (d), as so redesignated—

(A) in paragraph (3)—

(i) subparagraph (C), by striking “and” at the end;

(ii) by redesignating subparagraph (D) as subparagraph (E); and

(iii) by inserting after subparagraph (C) the following:

“(D) autonomous chemistry and materials synthesis and characterization facilities that leverage advances in artificial intelligence; and”; and

(B) by adding at the end the following:

“(4) ADVANCED PHOTON SOURCE UPGRADE.—

“(A) DEFINITIONS.—In this paragraph:

“(i) FLUX.—The term ‘flux’ means the rate of flow of photons.

“(ii) HARD X-RAY.—The term ‘hard x-ray’ means a photon with energy greater than 20 kiloelectron volts.

“(B) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide for the upgrade to the Advanced Photon Source described in the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled ‘Report on Facility Upgrades’, including the development of a multi-bend achromat lattice to produce a high flux of coherent x-rays within the hard x-ray energy region and a suite of beamlines optimized for this source.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, ensure that the start of full operations of the upgrade under this paragraph occurs before March 31, 2026.

“(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade under this paragraph $101,000,000 for fiscal year 2022 and $56,000,000 for fiscal year 2023.

“(5) SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE PROTON POWER UPGRADE.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide for the proton power upgrade to the Spallation Neutron Source.

“(B) PROTON POWER UPGRADE DEFINED.—For the purposes of this paragraph, the term ‘proton power upgrade’ means the Spallation Neutron Source power upgrade described in—

“(i) the publication titled ‘Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook’, published by the Office of Science of the Department of Energy in December, 2003;

“(ii) the publication titled ‘Four Years Later: An Interim Report on Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook’, published by the Office of Science of the Department of Energy in August, 2007; and

“(iii) the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled ‘Report on Facility Upgrades’.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, ensure that the start of full operations of the upgrade under this paragraph occurs before July 30, 2028, with the option for early operation in 2025.

“(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade under this paragraph $49,800,000 for fiscal year 2022.

“(6) SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE SECOND TARGET STATION.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide for a second target station for the Spallation Neutron Source.

“(B) SECOND TARGET STATION DEFINED.—For the purposes of this paragraph, the term ‘second target station’ means the Spallation Neutron Source second target station described in—

“(i) the publication titled, ‘Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook’, published by the Office of Science of the Department of Energy in December, 2003;

“(ii) the publication titled, ‘Four Years Later: An Interim Report on Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook’, published by the Office of Science of the Department of Energy in August, 2007; and

“(iii) the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled ‘Report on Facility Upgrades’.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, ensure that the start of full operations of the second target station under this paragraph occurs before December 31, 2033, with the option for early operation in 2029.

“(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the activities under this paragraph, including construction—

“(i) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $127,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $204,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(iv) $279,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(v) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.

“(7) ADVANCED LIGHT SOURCE UPGRADE.—

“(A) DEFINITIONS.—In this paragraph:

“(i) FLUX.—The term ‘flux’ means the rate of flow of photons.

“(ii) SOFT X-RAY.—The term ‘soft x-ray’ means a photon with energy in the range from 50 to 2,000 electron volts.

“(B) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide for the upgrade to the Advanced Light Source described in the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled ‘Report on Facility Upgrades’, including the development of a multibend achromat lattice to produce a high flux of coherent x-rays within the soft x-ray energy region.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, ensure that the start of full operations of the upgrade under this paragraph occurs before September 30, 2029.

“(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade under this paragraph—

“(i) $75,100,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $135,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $102,500,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(iv) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(v) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.

“(8) LINAC COHERENT LIGHT SOURCE II HIGH ENERGY UPGRADE.—

“(A) DEFINITIONS.—In this paragraph:

“(i) HIGH ENERGY X-RAY.—The term ‘high energy x-ray’ means a photon with an energy in the 5 to 13 kiloelectron volt range.

“(ii) HIGH REPETITION RATE.—The term ‘high repetition rate’ means the delivery of x-ray pulses up to 1 million pulses per second.

“(iii) ULTRA-SHORT PULSE X-RAYS.—The term ‘ultra-short pulse x-rays’ means x-ray bursts capable of durations of less than 100 femtoseconds.

“(B) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall—

“(i) provide for the upgrade to the Linac Coherent Light Source II facility described in the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled ‘Report on Facility Upgrades’, including the development of experimental capabilities for high energy x-rays to reveal fundamental scientific discoveries; and

“(ii) ensure such upgrade enables the production and use of high energy, ultra-short pulse x-rays delivered at a high repetition rate.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, ensure that the start of full operations of the upgrade under this paragraph occurs before December 31, 2026.

“(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade under this paragraph—

“(i) $106,925,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $125,925,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $115,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(iv) $89,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(v) $49,344,000 for fiscal year 2026.

“(9) CRYOMODULE REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE FACILITY.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide for the construction of a cryomodule repair and maintenance facility to service the Linac Coherent Light Source II and upgrades to the facility. The Secretary shall consult with the private sector, universities, National Laboratories, and relevant Federal agencies to ensure that this facility has the capability to maintain, repair, and test superconducting radiofrequency accelerator components.

“(B) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the activities under this paragraph—

“(i) $19,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and

“(iv) $17,000,000 for fiscal year 2025.

“(10) NANOSCALE SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTER RECAPITALIZATION PROJECT.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide for the recapitalization of the Nanoscale Science Research Centers, to include the upgrade of equipment at each Center supported by the Office of Science on the date of enactment of the Department of Energy Science for the Future Act, to accelerate advances in the various fields of science including nanoscience, materials, chemistry, biology, and quantum information science.

“(B) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the recapitalization under this paragraph—

“(i) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and

“(iv) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2025.”; and

(4) by adding at the end the following:

“(h) Computational materials and chemical sciences.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall support a program of research and development for the application of advanced computing practices to foundational and emerging research problems in chemistry and materials science. Research activities shall include—

“(A) chemical catalysis research and development;

“(B) the use of large data sets to model materials phenomena, including through advanced characterization of materials, materials synthesis, processing, and innovative use of experimental and theoretical data;

“(C) co-design of chemical system and chemistry modeling software with advanced computing systems and hardware technologies; and

“(D) modeling of chemical processes, assemblies, and reactions such as molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry, including through novel computing methods.

“(2) COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES CENTERS.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the activities authorized under paragraph (1), the Director shall select and establish up to six computational materials and chemical sciences centers to—

“(i) develop open-source, robust, and validated computational codes and user-friendly software, coupled with innovative use of experimental and theoretical data, to enable the design, discovery, and development of new materials and chemical systems; and

“(ii) focus on overcoming challenges and maximizing the benefits of exascale and other high performance computing underpinned by accelerated node technologies.

“(B) SELECTION.—The Director shall select centers under subparagraph (A) on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis. The Director shall consider applications from the National Laboratories, institutes of higher education, multi-institutional collaborations, and other appropriate entities.

“(C) DURATION.—

“(i) A center selected under subparagraph (A) shall receive support for a period of not more than 5 years beginning on the date of establishment of that center, subject to the availability of appropriations.

“(ii) A center already in existence on the date of enactment of the Department of Energy Science for the Future Act may continue to receive support for a period of not more than 5 years beginning on the date of establishment of that center.

“(D) RENEWAL.—Upon the expiration of any period of support of a center under this subsection, the Director may renew support for the center, on a merit-reviewed basis, for a period of not more than 5 years.

“(E) TERMINATION.—Consistent with the existing authorities of the Department, the Director may terminate an underperforming center for cause during the performance period.

“(i) Materials research database.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall support the development of a web-based platform to develop and provide access to a database of computed information on known and predicted materials properties and computational tools to accelerate breakthroughs in materials discovery and design.

“(2) PROGRAM.—In carrying out this subsection, the Director shall—

“(A) conduct cooperative research with industry, academia, and other research institutions to advance understanding, prediction, and manipulation of materials and facilitate the design of novel materials;

“(B) develop and maintain data infrastructure at user facilities that generate data to collect, analyze, label, and otherwise prepare the data for inclusion in the database;

“(C) leverage existing high performance computing systems to conduct high throughput calculations, and develop computational and data mining algorithms for the prediction of material properties;

“(D) strengthen the foundation for new technologies and advanced manufacturing; and

“(E) drive the development of advanced materials for applications that span the Department’s missions in energy, environment, and national security.

“(3) COORDINATION.—In carrying out this subsection, the Director shall leverage programs and activities across the Department, including computational materials and chemical sciences centers established under subsection (h).

“(4) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out activities under this subsection $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2022 through 2026.

“(j) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in this section—

“(1) $2,727,705,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(2) $2,828,896,600 for fiscal year 2023;

“(3) $3,019,489,612 for fiscal year 2024;

“(4) $3,161,698,885 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(5) $3,291,651,600 for fiscal year 2026.”.

(b) Artificial photosynthesis.—Section 973 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16313) is amended—

(1) in subsection (b), by striking paragraph (4) and inserting:

“(4) FUNDING.—From within funds authorized to be appropriated for Basic Energy Sciences, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out activities under this subsection $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.”; and

(2) in subsection (c), by striking paragraph (4) and inserting:

“(4) FUNDING.—From within funds authorized to be appropriated in section 316 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out activities under this subsection $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.”.

(c) Electricity storage research initiative.—Section 975 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16315) is amended—

(1) in subsection (b), by striking paragraph (4) and inserting:

“(4) FUNDING.—From within funds authorized to be appropriated for Basic Energy Sciences, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out activities under this subsection $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.”;

(2) in subsection (c), by striking paragraph (4) and inserting:

“(4) FUNDING.—From within funds authorized to be appropriated in section 316 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out activities under this subsection $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.”; and

(3) in subsection (d), by striking paragraph (4) and inserting:

“(4) FUNDING.—From within funds authorized to be appropriated in section 316 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out activities under this subsection $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.”.

(a) Program; biological systems; biomolecular characterization and imaging science.—Section 306 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644) is amended—

(1) by striking subsection (a) and inserting the following:

“(a) Program.—As part of the duties of the Director authorized under section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139), and coordinated with the activities authorized under sections 303 and 304 of this Act, the Director shall carry out a program of research and development in the areas of biological systems science and climate and environmental science, including subsurface science, relevant to the development of new energy technologies and to support the energy, environmental, and national security missions of the Department.

“(b) Biological systems.—The Director shall carry out research and development activities in genomic science including fundamental research on plants and microbes to increase systems-level understanding of the complex biological systems, which may include activities to—

“(1) accelerate breakthroughs and new knowledge that would enable the cost-effective, sustainable production of—

“(A) biomass-based liquid transportation fuels;

“(B) bioenergy; and

“(C) biobased materials from renewable biomass;

“(2) improve fundamental understanding of plant and microbial processes impacting the global carbon cycle, including processes for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, through photosynthesis and other biological processes, for sequestration and storage;

“(3) understand the microbiome mechanisms used to transform, immobilize, or remove contaminants from subsurface environments;

“(4) develop the computational approaches and integrated platforms for open access collaborative science;

“(5) leverage tools and approaches across the Office of Science to expand research to include novel processes, methods, and science to develop bio-based chemicals, polymers, inorganic materials, including research to—

“(A) advance biosystems design research to advance the understanding of how CRISPR tools and other gene editing tools and technologies work in nature, in the laboratory, and in practice;

“(B) deepen genome-enabled knowledge of root architecture and growth in crops, including trees; and

“(C) develop biosystems design methods and tools to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis in plants; and

“(6) develop other relevant methods and processes as determined by the Director.

“(c) Biomolecular characterization and imaging science.—The Director shall carry out research and development activities in biomolecular characterization and imaging science, including development of integrative imaging and analysis platforms and biosensors to understand the expression, structure, and function of genome information encoded within cells and for real-time measurements in ecosystems and field sites of relevance to the mission of the Department of Energy.”; and

(2) by redesignating subsections (b) through (d) as subsections (d) through (f), respectively.

(b) Bioenergy research centers.—Section 977(f) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16317(f)) is amended to read as follows:

“(f) Bioenergy research centers.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the program under section 306(a) of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644(a)), the Director shall support up to six bioenergy research centers to conduct fundamental research in plant and microbial systems biology, biological imaging and analysis, and genomics, and to accelerate advanced research and development of biomass-based liquid transportation fuels, bioenergy, or biobased materials, chemicals, and products that are produced from a variety of regionally diverse feedstocks, and to facilitate the translation of research results to industry. The activities of the centers authorized under this subsection may include—

“(A) accelerating the domestication of bioenergy-relevant plants, microbes, and associated microbial communities to enable high-impact, value-added coproduct development at multiple points in the bioenergy supply chain;

“(B) developing the science and technological advances to ensure process sustainability is considered in the creation of biofuels and bioproducts from lignocellulose; and

“(C) using the latest tools in genomics, molecular biology, catalysis science, chemical engineering, systems biology, and computational and robotics technologies to sustainably produce and transform biomass into biofuels and bioproducts.

“(2) SELECTION AND DURATION.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—A center established under paragraph (1) shall be selected on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis for a period of not more than 5 years, subject to the availability of appropriations, beginning on the date of establishment of that center.

“(B) APPLICATIONS.—The Director shall consider applications from National Laboratories, multi-institutional collaborations, and other appropriate entities.

“(C) EXISTING CENTERS.—A center already in existence on the date of enactment of the Department of Energy Science for the Future Act may continue to receive support for a period of not more than 5 years beginning on the date of establishment of that center.

“(3) RENEWAL.—After the end of either period described in paragraph (2), the Director may renew support for the center for a period of not more than 5 years on a merit-reviewed basis. For a center in operation for 10 years after its previous selection on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis, the Director may renew support for the center on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis for a period of not more than 5 years, and may subsequently provide an additional renewal on a merit-reviewed basis for a period of not more than 5 years.

“(4) TERMINATION.—Consistent with the existing authorities of the Department, the Director may terminate an underperforming center for cause during the performance period.

“(5) ACTIVITIES.—Centers shall undertake research activities to accelerate the production of biofuels and bioproducts from advanced biomass resources by identifying the most suitable species of plants for use as energy crops; and improving methods of breeding, propagation, planting, producing, harvesting, storage and processing. Activities may include the following:

“(A) Research activities to increase sustainability, including—

“(i) advancing knowledge of how bioenergy crop interactions with biotic and abiotic environmental factors influence crop growth, yield, and quality;

“(ii) identifying the most impactful research areas that address the economics of biofuels and bioproducts production; and

“(iii) utilizing multiscale modeling to advance predictive understanding of biofuel cropping ecosystems.

“(B) Research activities to further feedstock development, including lignocellulosic, algal, gaseous wastes including carbon oxides and methane, and direct air capture of single carbon gases via plants and microbes, including—

“(i) developing genetic and genomic tools, high-throughput analytical tools, and biosystems design approaches to enhance bioenergy feedstocks and their associated microbiomes;

“(ii) conducting field testing of new potential bioenergy feedstock crops under environmentally benign and geographically diverse conditions to assess viability and robustness; and

“(iii) developing quantitative models informed by experimentation to predict how bioenergy feedstocks perform under diverse conditions.

“(C) Research activities to improve lignocellulosic deconstruction and separation methods, including—

“(i) developing feedstock-agnostic deconstruction processes capable of efficiently fractionating biomass into targeted output streams;

“(ii) gaining a detailed understanding of plant cell wall biosynthesis, composition, structure, and properties during deconstruction; and

“(iii) improving enzymes and approaches for biomass breakdown and cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin processing.

“(D) Research activities to improve the feedstock conversion process for advanced biofuels and bioproducts, including—

“(i) developing high-throughput methods to screen or select high-performance microbial strains and communities to improve product formation rates, yields, and selectivity;

“(ii) establishing a broad set of platform microorganisms and microbial communities suitable for metabolic engineering to produce biofuels and bioproducts, as well as high-throughput methods for experimental validation of gene function;

“(iii) developing techniques to enhance microbial robustness for tolerating toxins to improve biofuel and bioproduct yields and to gain a better understanding of the cellular and molecular bases of tolerance for major chemical classes of inhibitors found in these processes;

“(iv) advancing technologies for the use of batch, continuous, as well as consolidated bioprocessing;

“(v) identifying, creating, and optimizing microbial and chemical pathways to produce promising, atom-economical intermediates and final bioproducts from biomass with considerations given to environmentally benign processes;

“(vi) developing high-throughput, real-time, in situ analytical techniques to understand and characterize the pre- and post-bioproduct separation streams in detail;

“(vii) creating methodologies for efficiently identifying viable target molecules, identifying high-value bioproducts in existing biomass streams, and utilizing current byproduct streams;

“(viii) identifying and improving plant feedstocks with enhanced extractable levels of desired bioproducts or bioproduct precursors, including lignin streams; and

“(ix) developing integrated biological and chemical catalytic approaches to valorize and produce a diverse portfolio of advanced fuels and bioproducts.

“(6) INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIPS.—Centers shall establish industry partnerships to translate research results to commercial applications.

“(7) COORDINATION.—In coordination with the Bioenergy Technologies Office of the Department, the Director shall support interdisciplinary research activities to improve the capacity, efficiency, resilience, security, reliability, and affordability, of the production and use of biofuels and bioproducts, as well as activities to enable positive impacts and avoid the potential negative impacts that the production and use of biofuels and bioproducts may have on ecosystems, people, and historically marginalized communities.”.

(c) Low-Dose radiation research program.—Section 306(e)(8) of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644(e)(8)), as redesignated under subsection (a), is amended—

(1) in subparagraph (C), by striking “and”;

(2) in subparagraph (D), by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and

(3) by adding at the end the following:

“(E) $40,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(F) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.”.

(d) Low-Dose radiation and space radiation research program.—Section 306(f) of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644(d)), as redesignated under subsection (a), is amended to read as follows:

“(f) Low-Dose radiation and space radiation research program.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, shall carry out a basic research program on the similarities and differences between the effects of exposure to low-dose radiation on Earth, in low Earth orbit, and in the space environment.

“(2) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this program is to accelerate breakthroughs in low-dose and low dose-rate radiation research and development as described in subsection (e) and to inform the advancement of new tools, technologies, and advanced materials needed to facilitate long-duration space exploration.”.

(e) Climate, environmental science, and other activities.—Section 306 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644) is further amended by adding at the end the following:

“(g) Earth and environmental systems sciences activities.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—As part of the activities authorized under subsection (a), and in coordination with activities carried out under subsection (b), the Director shall carry out earth and environmental systems science research, in consultation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other relevant agencies, which may include activities to—

“(A) understand, observe, and model the response of Earth’s atmosphere and biosphere to increased concentrations of greenhouse gas emissions and any associated changes in climate, including frequency and intensity of extreme weather events;

“(B) understand the coupled physical, chemical, and biological processes to transform, immobilize, remove, or move carbon, nitrogen, and other energy production-derived contaminants such as radionuclides and heavy metals, and understand the process of sequestration and transformation of these, carbon dioxide, and other relevant molecules in subsurface environments;

“(C) understand, observe, and model the cycling of water, carbon, and nutrients in terrestrial systems and at scales relevant to resources management;

“(D) understand the biological, biogeochemical, and physical processes across the multiple scales that control the flux of environmentally relevant compounds between the terrestrial surface and the atmosphere; and

“(E) inform potential natural mitigation and adaptation options for increased concentrations of greenhouse gas emissions and any associated changes in climate.

“(2) PRIORITIZATION.—In carrying out the program authorized under paragraph (1), the Director shall prioritize—

“(A) the development of software and algorithms to enable the productive application of environmental systems and extreme weather in climate and Earth system prediction models in high-performance computing systems; and

“(B) capabilities that support the Department’s mission needs for energy and infrastructure security, resilience, and reliability.

“(3) ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS SCIENCE RESEARCH.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—As part of the activities described in paragraph (1), the Director shall carry out research to advance an integrated, robust, and scale-aware predictive understanding of environmental systems, including the role of hydrobiogeochemistry, from the subsurface to the top of the vegetative canopy that considers effects of seasonal to interannual variability and change.

“(B) CLEAN WATER AND WATERSHED RESEARCH.—As part of the activities described in subparagraph (A), the Director shall—

“(i) support interdisciplinary research to significantly advance our understanding of water availability, quality, and the impact of human activity and a changing climate on urban and rural watershed systems, including in freshwater environments;

“(ii) consult with the Interagency Research, Development, and Demonstration Coordination Committee on the Nexus of Energy and Water for Sustainability established under section 1010 of the Energy Act of 2020 (division Z of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (Public Law 116–260)) on energy-water nexus research activities; and

“(iii) engage with representatives of research and academic institutions, nonprofit organizations, State, local, and tribal governments, and industry, who have expertise in technologies, technological innovations, or practices relating to the energy-water nexus, as applicable.

“(C) COORDINATION.—

“(i) DIRECTOR.—The Director shall carry out activities under this paragraph in accordance with priorities established by the Secretary to support and accelerate the decontamination of relevant facilities managed by the Department.

“(ii) SECRETARY.—The Secretary shall ensure the coordination of activities of the Department, including activities under this paragraph, to support and accelerate the decontamination of relevant facilities managed by the Department.

“(4) CLIMATE AND EARTH MODELING.—As part of the activities described in paragraph (1), the Director, in collaboration with the Advanced Scientific Computing Research program described in section 304 and other programs carried out by the Department, as applicable, and in consultation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other relevant agencies, shall carry out research to develop, evaluate, and use high-resolution regional climate, global climate, Earth system, and other relevant models to inform decisions on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the resulting impacts of a changing global climate. Such modeling shall include—

“(A) integrated capabilities for modeling multisectoral interactions, including socioeconomic factors as appropriate, which may include the impacts of climate policies on social and regional equity and well-being, and the interdependencies and risks at the energy-water-land nexus;

“(B) greenhouse gas emissions, air quality, energy supply and demand, and other critical elements; and

“(C) interaction among human and Earth systems informed by interdisciplinary research, including the economic and social sciences.

“(5) MID-SCALE FUNDING MECHANISM.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—Any of the activities authorized in this subsection may be carried out by competitively selected mid-scale, multi-institutional research centers in lieu of individual research grants, or large-scale experiments or user facilities.

“(B) CONSIDERATION.—The Biological and Environmental Research Advisory Committee shall provide recommendations to the Director on projects most suitable for the research centers described in subparagraph (A).

“(h) Biological and environmental research user facilities.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall carry out a program for the development, construction, operation, and maintenance of user facilities to enhance the collection and analysis of observational data related to complex biological, climate, and environmental systems.

“(2) FACILITY REQUIREMENTS.—To the maximum extent practicable, the user facilities developed, constructed, operated, or maintained under paragraph (1) shall include—

“(A) distributed field research and observation platforms for understanding earth system processes;

“(B) analytical techniques, instruments, and modeling resources for understanding the physical, chemical, and cellular processes of biological and environmental systems;

“(C) integrated high-throughput sequencing, advanced bioanalytic techniques, DNA design and synthesis, metabolomics, and computational analysis; and

“(D) such other facilities as the Director considers appropriate, consistent with section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139).

“(3) EXISTING FACILITIES.—In carrying out the program established in paragraph (1), the Director is encouraged to evaluate the capabilities of existing user facilities and, to the maximum extent practicable, invest in modernization of those capabilities to address emerging research priorities.

“(4) USER FACILITIES INTEGRATION AND COLLABORATION PROGRAM.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall support a program of collaboration between user facilities as defined under this subsection to encourage and enable researchers to more readily integrate the tools, expertise, resources, and capabilities of multiple Office of Science user facilities (as described in section 209(d) of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139)) to further research and advance emerging technologies.

“(B) ACTIVITIES.—The program shall advance the integration of automation, robotics, computational biology, bioinformatics, biosensing, cellular platforms and other relevant emerging technologies as determined by the Director to enhance productivity and scientific impact of user facilities.

“(5) EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS SCIENCES USER FACILITIES.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the activities authorized under paragraph (1), the Director shall establish and operate user facilities to advance the collection, validation, and analysis of atmospheric data, including activities to advance knowledge and improve model representations and measure the impact of atmospheric gases, aerosols, and clouds on earth and environmental systems.

“(B) SELECTION.—The Director shall select user facilities under paragraph (1) on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis. The Director shall consider applications from the National Laboratories, institutes of higher education, multi-institutional collaborations, and other appropriate entities.

“(C) EXISTING FACILITIES.—To the maximum extent practicable, the Director shall utilize existing facilities to carry out this subsection.

“(6) COORDINATION.—In carrying out the program authorized in paragraph (1), the Director shall ensure that the Office of Science—

“(A) consults and coordinates with the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of the Interior, and any other relevant Federal agency on the collection, validation, and analysis of atmospheric data; and

“(B) coordinates with relevant stakeholders, including institutes of higher education, nonprofit research institutions, industry, State, local, and tribal governments, and other appropriate entities to ensure access to the best available relevant atmospheric and historical weather data.

“(i) Coastal zone research initiative.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall carry out a research program, in consultation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, to enhance the understanding of coastal ecosystems. In carrying out this program, the Director shall prioritize efforts to enhance the collection of observational data, and shall develop models to analyze the ecological, biogeochemical, hydrological and physical processes that interact in coastal zones.

“(2) NATIONAL SYSTEM FOR COASTAL DATA COLLECTION.—The Director shall establish, in consultation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other relevant agencies, an integrated system of geographically diverse field research sites in order to improve the quantity and quality of observational data, and that encompass the major land water interfaces of the United States, including—

“(A) the Great Lakes region;

“(B) the Pacific coast;

“(C) the Atlantic coast;

“(D) the Arctic; and

“(E) the Gulf coast.

“(3) EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE.—In carrying out the programs and establishing the field research sites under paragraph (1) and (2), the Secretary shall leverage existing research and development infrastructure supported by the Department, including the Department’s existing marine and coastal research lab.

“(4) COORDINATION.—For the purposes of carrying out the programs and establishing the field research sites under the Initiative, the Secretary may enter into agreements with Federal Departments and agencies with complementary capabilities.

“(5) REPORT.—Not less than 2 years after the date of the enactment of the Department of Energy Science for the Future Act, the Director shall provide to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate a report examining whether the system described in this section should be established as a National User Facility.

“(j) Technology development.—The Director shall support a technology research program for the development of instrumentation and other research tools required to meet the missions of the Department and to provide platform technologies for the broader scientific community. Technologies shall include but are not limited to—

“(1) cryo-electron microscopy;

“(2) fabricated ecosystems;

“(3) next generation sensors including quantum sensors for biological integration and bioproduction;

“(4) technologies to accelerate data analysis; and

“(5) plant and microbial phenotyping for gene discovery.

“(k) Emerging technologies.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish within the Biological and Environmental Research program an initiative focused on the development of engineered ecosystems through the application of artificial intelligence, novel sensing capabilities, and other emerging technologies.

“(2) INTERAGENCY COORDINATION.—The Secretary shall coordinate with the Director of the National Science Foundation, the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Director of the U.S. Geological Survey, and other relevant officials to avoid duplication of research and observational activities and to ensure that activities carried out under this initiative are complimentary to those currently being undertaken by other agencies.

“(3) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall provide a report to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House, and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate, on the activity mandated in subsection (k).

“(l) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in this section—

“(1) $820,360,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(2) $886,385,200 for fiscal year 2023;

“(3) $956,332,164 for fiscal year 2024;

“(4) $1,020,475,415 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(5) $1,099,108,695 for fiscal year 2026.”.

(a) Advanced scientific computing research.—Section 304 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18642) is amended—

(1) by redesignating subsections (a) through (c) as subsections (b) through (d), respectively; and

(2) by inserting before subsection (b), as so redesignated, the following:

“(a) In general.—As part of the activities authorized under section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139), the Director shall carry out, in coordination with academia and relevant public and private sector entities, a research, development, and demonstration program to—

“(1) steward applied mathematics, computational science, and computer science research relevant to the missions of the Department and the competitiveness of the United States;

“(2) develop modeling, simulation, and other computational tools relevant to other scientific disciplines and to the development of new energy technologies and other technologies;

“(3) advance computing and networking capabilities for data-driven discovery; and

“(4) develop advanced scientific computing hardware and software tools for science and engineering.”;

(3) in subsection (c) (as redesignated under paragraph (1))—

(A) by striking “The Director” and inserting the following:

“(1) DIRECTOR.—The Director”; and

(B) by adding at the end the following:

“(2) COORDINATION.—The Under Secretary for Science shall ensure the coordination of the activities of the Department, including activities under this section, to determine and meet the computational and networking research and facility needs of the Office of Science and all other relevant energy technology and energy efficiency programs within the Department and with other Federal agencies as appropriate.”;

(4) by amending subsection (d), as so redesignated, to read as follows:

“(d) Applied mathematics and software development for high-End computing systems and computer sciences research.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall carry out activities to develop, test, and support—

“(A) mathematics, statistics, and algorithms for modeling complex systems relevant to the missions of the Department, including on advanced computing architectures; and

“(B) tools, languages, programming environments, and operations for high-end computing systems (as defined in section 2 of the American Super Computing Leadership Act (15 U.S.C. 5541).

“(2) PORTFOLIO BALANCE.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall maintain a balanced portfolio within the advanced scientific computing research and development program established under section 976 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16316) that supports robust investment in—

“(i) applied mathematical, computational, and computer sciences research needs relevant to the mission of the Department, including foundational areas that are critical to the advancement of energy sciences and technologies and new and emerging computing technologies; and

“(ii) associated high-performance computing hardware and facilities.

“(B) EXASCALE ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINMENT.—

“(i) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Congress that the Exascale Computing Project has successfully created a broad ecosystem that provides shared software packages, novel evaluation systems, and applications relevant to the science and engineering requirements of the Department, and that such products must be maintained and improved in order that the full potential of the deployed systems can be continuously realized.

“(ii) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall seek to sustain and evolve the ecosystem referenced in clause (i) to ensure that the exascale software stack and other research software will continue to be maintained, hardened, and otherwise optimized for long-term use on exascale systems and beyond and reliable availability to the user community.”; and

(5) by inserting after subsection (d) the following:

“(e) Next generation computing program.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish a program to develop and implement a strategy for achieving computing systems with capabilities beyond exascale computing systems. In establishing this program, the Secretary shall—

“(A) maintain foundational research programs in mathematical, computational, and computer sciences focused on new and emerging computing needs within the mission of the Department, including post-Moore’s law computing architectures, novel approaches to modeling and simulation, artificial intelligence and scientific machine learning, quantum computing, edge computing, extreme heterogeneity, and distributed high-performance computing;

“(B) retain best practices and maintain support for essential hardware, applications, and software elements of the Exascale Computing Program that are necessary for sustaining the vitality of a long-term capable software ecosystem for exascale and beyond; and

“(C) develop a Department-wide strategy for balancing on-premises and cloud-based computing and scientific data management.

“(2) REPORT.—Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of the Department of Energy Science for the Future Act, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate, a report on the development and implementation of the strategy outlined in paragraph (1).

“(f) Architectural research in heterogeneous computing systems.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall carry out a program of research and development in heterogeneous and reconfigurable computing systems to expand understanding of the potential for heterogeneous and reconfigurable computing systems to deliver high performance, high efficiency computing for Department of Energy mission challenges. This shall include research and development that explores the convergence of big data analytics, simulations, and artificial intelligence to drive the design of heterogenous computing system architectures.

“(2) COORDINATION.—In carrying out this program, the Secretary shall ensure coordination between research activities undertaken by the Advanced Scientific Computing Research program and materials research supported by the Basic Energy Sciences program within the Department of Energy Office of Science.

“(g) Energy efficient computing program.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall support a program of fundamental research, development, and demonstration of energy efficient computing and data center technologies relevant to advanced computing applications, including high performance computing, artificial intelligence, and scientific machine learning.

“(2) EXECUTION.—

“(A) PROGRAM.—In carrying out the program under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall—

“(i) establish a partnership for National Laboratories, industry partners, and institutions of higher education for codesign of energy efficient hardware, technology, software, and applications across all applicable program offices of the Department, and provide access to energy efficient computing resources to such partners;

“(ii) develop hardware and software technologies that decrease the energy needs of advanced computing practices, including through data center co-design;

“(iii) consider multiple heterogeneous computing architectures in collaboration with the program established under subsection (f) including neuromorphic computing, persistent computing, and ultrafast networking; and

“(iv) provide, as appropriate, on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis, access for researchers from institutions of higher education, National Laboratories, industry, and other Federal agencies to the energy efficient computing technologies developed pursuant to clause (i).

“(B) SELECTION OF PARTNERS.—In selecting participants for the partnership established under subparagraph (A)(i), the Secretary shall select participants through a competitive, merit review process.

“(C) REPORT.—Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of the Department of Energy Science for the Future Act, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate, a report on—

“(i) the activities conducted under subparagraph (A); and

“(ii) the coordination and management of the program under subparagraph (A) to ensure an integrated research program across the Department.

“(h) Energy sciences network.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide for upgrades to the Energy Sciences Network user facility in order to meet the research needs of the Department for highly reliable data transport capabilities optimized for the requirements of large-scale science.

“(2) CAPABILITIES.—In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary shall ensure the following capabilities:

“(A) To provide high bandwidth scientific networking across the continental United States and the Atlantic Ocean.

“(B) To ensure network reliability.

“(C) To protect the network infrastructure from cyber-attacks.

“(D) To manage transport of exponentially increasing levels of data from the Department’s National Laboratories and sites, user facilities, experiments, and sensors.

“(E) To contribute to the integration of heterogeneous computing frameworks and systems.

“(i) Computational science graduate fellowship.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall support the Computational Science Graduate Fellowship program in order to facilitate collaboration between graduate students and researchers at the National Laboratories, and contribute to the development of a diverse and inclusive computational workforce to help advance research in areas relevant to the mission of the Department.

“(2) FUNDING.—From within funds authorized to be appropriated for Advanced Scientific Computing Research Program, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out the activities under this section—

“(A) $21,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(B) $22,050,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(C) $23,152,500 for fiscal year 2024;

“(D) $24,310,125 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(E) $25,525,631 for fiscal year 2026.

“(j) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in this section—

“(1) $1,126,350,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(2) $1,222,674,500 for fiscal year 2023;

“(3) $1,324,320,715 for fiscal year 2024;

“(4) $1,431,660,115 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(5) $1,535,090,121 for fiscal year 2026.”.

(b) Quantum science network.—

(1) DEFINITIONS.—Section 2 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801) is amended—

(A) by redesignating paragraph (7) as paragraph (8); and

(B) by inserting after paragraph (6) the following:

“(7) QUANTUM NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE.—The term ‘quantum network infrastructure’ means any facility, expertise, or capability that is necessary to enable the development and deployment of scalable and diverse quantum network technologies.”.

(2) DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.— (A) Title IV of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8851 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following:

(B) The table of contents in section 1(b) of the National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 402 the following items:

“Sec. 403. Department of energy quantum network infrastructure research and development program.
“Sec. 404. Department of energy quantum user expansion for science and technology program.”.

(a) Fusion energy research.—Section 307 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18645) is amended—

(1) in subsection (b)—

(A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking “As part of ” and inserting the following:

“(1) IN GENERAL.—As part of”;

(B) by redesignating—

(i) paragraphs (1) and (2) as subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively (and by adjusting the margins of such subparagraphs accordingly); and

(ii) in subparagraph (B) (as redesignated by clause (i)), subparagraphs (A) and (B) as clauses (i) and (ii), respectively (and by adjusting the margins of such clauses accordingly); and

(C) by adding at the end the following:

“(2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (r), there are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out activities described in paragraph (1) $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.”;

(2) in subsection (d)(3)—

(A) by striking the period at the end and inserting “and $40,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.”; and

(B) by striking “(o)” and inserting “(r)”; and

(3) in subsection (e)(4)—

(A) by striking the period at the end and inserting “and $75,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.”; and

(B) by striking “(o)” and inserting “(r)”;

(4) in subsection (i)(10)—

(A) In the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking “(o)” and inserting “(r)”;

(B) in subparagraph (D), by striking “; and” and inserting a semicolon;

(C) in subparagraph (E), by striking the period at the end and inserting “; and”; and

(D) by adding at the end the following:

“(F) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.”;

(5) in subsection (j)—

(A) by striking “The Director” and all that follows through the period and inserting the following:

“(1) IN GENERAL.—

“(A) ESTABLISHMENT.—Within 180 days of enactment of the Department of Energy Science for the Future Act, the Director shall establish at least 2 national teams, including public-private partnerships, that will develop conceptual pilot plant designs and technology roadmaps and lead to an engineering design of a pilot plant that will bring fusion to commercial viability.

“(B) COMPOSITION.—The national teams shall be composed of developers, manufacturers, universities, national laboratories, and engineering, procurement, and construction industries.”; and

(B) by adding at the end the following:

“(2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out activities described in paragraph (1)—

“(A) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(B) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(C) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(D) $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(E) $80,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.”;

(6) in subsection (l)—

(A) by striking “sense of Congress that the United States should support” and inserting “sense of Congress that—”;

“(1) the United States should support”;

(B) in paragraph (1) (as so designated by subparagraph (A) of this paragraph), by striking the period at the end and inserting “; and”; and

(C) by adding at the end the following:

“(2) the Director shall incorporate the findings and recommendations of the report of the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee entitled ‘Powering the Future: Fusion and Plasmas’ and the report of the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine entitled “Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid” into the planning process of the Department, including the development of future budget requests to Congress.”;

(7) by redesignating subsection (o) as subsection (r);

(8) by inserting after subsection (n) the following:

“(o) High-Performance computation collaborative research program.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall carry out a program to conduct and support collaborative research, development, and demonstration of fusion energy technologies, through high-performance computation modeling and simulation techniques, in order to—

“(A) support fundamental research in plasmas and matter at very high temperatures and densities;

“(B) inform the development of a broad range of fusion energy systems; and

“(C) facilitate the translation of research results in fusion energy science to industry.

“(2) COORDINATION.—In carrying out the program under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall coordinate with relevant Federal agencies, and prioritize the following objectives:

“(A) Using expertise from the private sector, institutions of higher education, and the National Laboratories to leverage existing, and develop new, computational software and capabilities that prospective users may use to accelerate research and development of fusion energy systems.

“(B) Developing computational tools to simulate and predict fusion energy science phenomena that may be validated through physical experimentation.

“(C) Increasing the utility of the research infrastructure of the Department by coordinating with the Advanced Scientific Computing Research program within the Office of Science.

“(D) Leveraging experience from existing modeling and simulation entities sponsored by the Department.

“(E) Ensuring that new experimental and computational tools are accessible to relevant research communities, including private sector entities engaged in fusion energy technology development.

“(F) Ensuring that newly developed computational tools are compatible with modern virtual engineering and visualization capabilities to accelerate the realization of fusion energy technologies and systems.

“(3) DUPLICATION.—The Secretary shall ensure the coordination of, and avoid unnecessary duplication of, the activities of this program with the activities of—

“(A) other research entities of the Department, including the National Laboratories, the Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy, the Advanced Scientific Computing Research program; and

“(B) industry.

“(4) HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING FOR FUSION INNOVATION CENTER.—In carrying out the program under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall, in coordination with the Innovation Network for Fusion Energy, establish and operate a national High-Performance Computing for Fusion Innovation Center (referred to in this subsection as the ‘Center’), to support the program under paragraph (1) by providing, to the extent practicable, a centralized entity for multidisciplinary, collaborative, fusion energy research and development through high performance computing and advanced data analytics technologies and processes.

“(5) SELECTION.—The Secretary shall select the Center under this subsection on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis. The Secretary shall consider applications from National Laboratories, institutions of higher education, multi-institutional collaborations, and other appropriate entities.

“(6) EXISTING ACTIVITIES.—The Center may incorporate existing research activities that are consistent with the program described in paragraph (1).

“(7) DURATION.—The Center established under this subsection shall receive support for a period of not more than 5 years, subject to the availability of appropriations.

“(8) RENEWAL.—Upon the expiration of any period of support of the Center, the Secretary may renew support for the Center, on a merit-reviewed basis, for a period of not more than 5 years.

“(9) TERMINATION.—Consistent with the existing authorities of the Department, the Secretary may terminate the Center for cause during the performance period.

“(p) Material plasma exposure experiment.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall construct a Material Plasma Exposure Experiment facility as described in the 2020 publication approved by the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee titled ‘Powering the Future: Fusion and Plasmas’. The Secretary shall consult with the private sector, universities, National Laboratories, and relevant Federal agencies to ensure that this facility is capable of meeting Federal research needs for steady state, high-heat-flux and plasma-material interaction testing of fusion materials over a range of fusion energy relevant parameters.

“(2) FACILITY CAPABILITIES.—The Secretary shall ensure that the facility described in paragraph (1) will provide the following capabilities:

“(A) A magnetic field at the target of 1 Tesla.

“(B) An energy flux at the target of 10 MW/m2.

“(C) The ability to expose previously irradiated plasma facing material samples to plasma.

“(3) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, ensure that the start of full operations of the facility under this section occurs before December 31, 2027.

“(4) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated for Fusion Energy Sciences, there are funds authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary for the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences to carry out to completion the construction of the facility under this section:

“(A) $32,800,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(B) $13,400,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(C) $12,600,000 for fiscal year 2024; and

“(D) $400,000 for fiscal year 2025.

“(q) Matter in extreme conditions instrument upgrade.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide for the upgrade to the Matter in Extreme Conditions endstation at the Linac Coherent Light Source as described in the 2020 publication approved by the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee titled ‘Powering the Future: Fusion and Plasmas’. The Secretary shall consult with the private sector, universities, National Laboratories, and relevant Federal agencies to ensure that this facility is capable of meeting Federal research needs for understanding physical and chemical changes to plasmas at fundamental timescales, and explore new regimes of dense material physics, astrophysics, planetary physics, and short-pulse laser-plasma interactions.

“(2) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, ensure that the start of full operations of the facility under this section occurs before December 31, 2028.”; and

(9) in subsection (r), as so redesignated, by striking paragraphs (2) through (5) and inserting the following:

“(2) $1,002,900,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(3) $1,095,707,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(4) $1,129,368,490 for fiscal year 2024;

“(5) $1,149,042,284 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(6) $1,243,097,244 for fiscal year 2026.”.

(b) ITER construction.—Section 972 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16312) is amended in subsection (c)(3)—

(1) in subparagraph (A), by striking “and” at the end; and

(2) by striking subparagraph (B) and inserting the following:

“(B) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(C) $325,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(D) $350,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(E) $350,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(F) $350,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.”.

(a) Program.—Section 305 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18643) is amended—

(1) by redesignating subsections (b) through (d) as subsections (d) through (f), respectively; and

(2) by inserting the following after subsection (a):

“(b) Program.—As part of the activities authorized under section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139), the Director shall carry out a research program in elementary particle physics and advanced technology research and development to improve the understanding of the fundamental properties of the universe, including constituents of matter and energy and the nature of space and time.

“(c) High energy frontier research.—As part of the program described in subsection (b), the Director shall carry out research using high energy accelerators and advanced detectors, including accelerators and detectors that will function as national user facilities, to create and study interactions of elementary particles and investigate fundamental forces.”.

(b) International collaboration.—Section 305(d) of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18643(d)), as redesignated under subsection (a), is amended to read as follows:

“(d) International collaboration.—The Director shall—

“(1) as practicable and in coordination with other appropriate Federal agencies as necessary, ensure the access of United States researchers to the most advanced accelerator facilities and research capabilities in the world, including the Large Hadron Collider;

“(2) to the maximum extent practicable, continue to leverage United States participation in the Large Hadron Collider, and prioritize expanding international partnerships and investments in the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility and Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment; and

“(3) to the maximum extent practicable, prioritize engagement in collaborative efforts in support of future international facilities that would provide access to the most advanced accelerator facilities in the world to United States researchers.”.

(c) Cosmic frontier research.—Section 305(f) of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18645(f)), as redesignated by subsection (a), is amended to read as follows:

“(f) Cosmic frontier research.—The Director shall carry out research activities on the nature of the primary contents of the universe, including the nature of dark energy and dark matter. These activities shall, to the maximum extent practicable, be consistent with the research priorities identified by the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel or the National Academy of Sciences, and may include—

“(1) collaborations with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, or international partners on relevant projects; and

“(2) the development of space-based, land-based, water-based, and underground facilities and experiments.”.

(d) Further activities.—Section 305 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18645) is further amended by adding at the end the following:

“(g) Facility construction and major items of equipment.—

“(1) PROJECTS.—Consistent with the Office of Science’s project management practices, the Director shall, to the maximum extent practicable, incorporate the findings and recommendations of the 2014 Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) report titled ‘Building for Discovery’, and support construction or fabrication of—

“(A) an international Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility based in the United States;

“(B) the Proton Improvement Plan II;

“(C) Second Generation Dark Matter experiments;

“(D) the Legacy Survey of Space and Time camera;

“(E) upgrades to detectors and other components of the Large Hadron Collider; and

“(F) other high priority projects recommended in the most recent report of the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel of the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel.

“(2) LONG-BASELINE NEUTRINO FACILITY.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall support construction of a Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility to facilitate the international Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment to examine the fundamental properties of neutrinos, explore physics beyond the Standard Model, and better clarify the existence and nature of antimatter.

“(B) FACILITY CAPABILITIES.—The Secretary shall ensure that the facility described in subparagraph (A) will provide, at a minimum, the following capabilities:

“(i) A neutrino beam with wideband capability of 1.2 megawatts (MW) of beam power and upgradable to 2.4 MW of beam power.

“(ii) Three caverns excavated for a 70 kiloton fiducial detector mass and supporting surface buildings and utilities.

“(iii) Cryogenic systems to support neutrino detectors.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, ensure that the start of full operations of the facility under this subsection occurs before December 31, 2031.

“(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (k), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out construction of the facility under this subsection—

“(i) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $325,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $400,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(iv) $375,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(v) $250,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.

“(3) PROTON IMPROVEMENT PLAN–II ACCELERATOR UPGRADE PROJECT.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy shall support construction of the Proton Improvement Plan II, an upgrade to the Fermilab accelerator complex identified in the 2014 Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) report titled ‘Building for Discovery’, to provide the world’s most intense beam of neutrinos to the international Long Baseline Neutrino Facility as well as abroad range of future high energy physics experiments. The Secretary of Energy shall work with international partners to enable further significant contributions to the capabilities of this project.

“(B) FACILITY CAPABILITIES.—The Secretary shall ensure that the facility described in paragraph (1) will provide, at a minimum, the following capabilities:

“(i) A state-of-the-art 800 megaelectron volt (MeV) superconducting linear accelerator.

“(ii) Proton beam power of 1.2 MW at the start of LBNF/DUNE, upgradeable to 2.4 MW of beam power.

“(iii) A flexible design to enable high power beam delivery to multiple users simultaneously and customized beams tailored to specific scientific needs.

“(iv) Sustained high reliability operation of the Fermilab accelerator complex.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, ensure that the start of full operations of the facility under this section occurs before December 31, 2028.

“(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (k), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out construction of the facility under this subsection—

“(i) $191,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $120,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(iv) $120,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(v) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.

“(4) COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND STAGE 4.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy, in partnership with the Director of the National Science Foundation, shall support construction of the Cosmic Microwave Background Stage 4 project to survey the cosmic microwave background to test theories of cosmic inflation as described in the 2014 Particle Physics Prioritization Panel (P5) report titled ‘Building for Discovery: Strategic Plan for U.S. Particle Physics in the Global Context.’.

“(B) CONSULTATION.—The Secretary shall consult with the private sector, universities, National Laboratories, and relevant Federal agencies to ensure that this experiment is capable of meeting Federal research needs in accessing the ultra-high energy physics of inflation and important neutrino properties.

“(C) EXPERIMENTAL CAPABILITIES.—The Secretary shall ensure to the maximum extent practicable that the facility described in subsection (a) will provide at minimum, 500,000 superconducting detectors deployed on an array of mm wave telescopes with the required range in frequency, sensitivity, and survey speed which will provide sufficient capability to enable an order of magnitude advance in observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background, delivering transformative discoveries in fundamental physics, cosmology, and astrophysics.

“(D) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, ensure that the start of full operations of the facility under this section occurs before December 31, 2030.

“(E) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (k), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out construction of the facility under this subsection—

“(i) $37,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(iv) $80,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(v) $90,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.

“(h) Accelerator and detector upgrades.—The Director shall upgrade accelerator facilities and detectors, as necessary and appropriate, to increase beam power, sustain high reliability, and improve precision measurement to advance the highest priority particle physics research programs. In carrying out facility upgrades, the Director shall continue to work with international partners, when appropriate and in the United States’ interest, to leverage investments and expertise in critical technologies to help build and upgrade accelerator and detector facilities in the United States.

“(i) Accelerator and detector research and development.—As part of the program described in subsection (b), the Director shall carry out research and development in particle beam physics, accelerator science and technology, and particle and radiation detection with relevance to the specific needs of the High Energy Physics program, in coordination with the Accelerator Research and Development program authorized in section 310.

“(j) Underground science.—The Director shall—

“(1) support an underground science program consistent with the missions of the Department and the scientific needs of the High Energy Physics program, including those articulated in the most recent report of the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel of the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel, that leverages the capabilities of relevant underground science and engineering facilities; and

“(2) carry out a competitive grant program to award scientists and engineers at institutions of higher education, nonprofit institutions, and National Laboratories to conduct research in underground science and engineering.

“(k) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in this section—

“(1) $1,355,690,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(2) $1,517,628,300 for fiscal year 2023;

“(3) $1,652,112,281 for fiscal year 2024;

“(4) $1,711,460,141 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(5) $1,656,012,351 for fiscal year 2026.”.

(a) Program.—Section 308 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18646) is amended—

(1) by striking subsection (a);

(2) by redesignating subsection (b) as subsection (d); and

(3) by inserting the following before subsection (d), as so redesignated:

“(a) Program.—As part of the activities authorized under section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139), the Director shall carry out a research program, and support relevant facilities, to discover and understand various forms of nuclear matter.

“(b) User facilities.—

“(1) FACILITY FOR RARE ISOTOPE BEAMS.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall support construction of a Facility for Rare Isotope Beams to advance the understanding of rare nuclear isotopes and the evolution of the cosmos.

“(B) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (c), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out construction of the facility under this subsection $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2022.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, ensure that the start of full operations of the facility under this section occurs before March 1, 2022.

“(2) ELECTRON-ION COLLIDER.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall support construction of an Electron Ion Collider as described in the 2015 Long Range Plan of the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee and the report from the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine titled ‘An Assessment of U.S.-Based Electron-Ion Collider Science’, in order to measure the internal structure of the proton and the nucleus and answer fundamental questions about the nature of visible matter.

“(B) FACILITY CAPABILITY.—The Secretary shall ensure that the facility meets the requirements in the 2015 Long Range Plan, including—

“(i) at least 70 percent polarized beams of electrons and light ions;

“(ii) ion beams from deuterium to the heaviest stable nuclei;

“(iii) variable center of mass energy from 20 to 140 GeV;

“(iv) high collision luminosity of 10^33–34cm^-2s^-1; and

“(v) the possibility of more than one interaction region.

“(C) START OF OPERATIONS.—The Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, ensure that the start of full operations of the facility under this section occurs before December 31, 2030.

“(D) FUNDING.—Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under subsection (c), there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out construction of the facility under this subsection—

“(i) $101,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(ii) $155,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(iii) $250,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

“(iv) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(v) $305,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.

“(c) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in this section—

“(1) $780,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

“(2) $879,390,000 for fiscal year 2023;

“(3) $1,025,097,300 for fiscal year 2024;

“(4) $1,129,354,111 for fiscal year 2025; and

“(5) $1,192,408,899 for fiscal year 2026.”.

The Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18601 et seq.) is amended by adding after section 309 the following:

The Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18601 et seq.) is amended by adding after section 310 as added by this Act the following:

(a) Program.—Section 309 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18647) is amended by adding at the end the following:

“(c) Approach.—In carrying out this section, the Director shall utilize all available approaches and mechanisms, including capital line items, minor construction projects, energy savings performance contracts, and utility energy service contracts, as appropriate.

“(d) Mid-Scale instrumentation program.—The Director, in coordination with each of the programs carried out by the Office of Science, shall establish a mid-scale instrumentation program to enable the development and acquisition of novel, state-of-the-art instruments ranging in cost from $1 million to $20 million each that would significantly accelerate scientific breakthroughs at user facilities.

“(e) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in this section $500,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.”.

(a) In general.—The Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18601 et seq.) is amended by adding after section 311, as added by this Act, the following:

(b) Authorization of appropriations.—Section 3169 of the Department of Energy Science Education Enhancement Act (42 U.S.C. 7381e) is amended—

(1) by striking, “programs”, and inserting “programs, including the NSF INCLUDES National Network,”; and

(2) by striking, “year 1991”, and inserting “years 2022 through 2026”.

(c) Broadening participation in workforce development for teachers and scientists.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Department of Energy Science Education Enhancement Act (42 U.S.C. 7381 et seq.) is amended by inserting the following sections after section 3167 (42 U.S.C. 7381c–1):

(2) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents in section 2(b) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1991 is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 3167 the following:

“Sec. 3167A. Broadening participation for teachers and scientists.
“Sec. 3167B. Expanding opportunities to increase the diversity, equity, and inclusion of highly skilled science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) professionals.”.

(a) In general.—The Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18601 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following:

(b) Table of contents.—Section 1(b) of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act is amended in the table of contents by inserting after the item relating to section 309 the following:

“Sec. 310. Accelerator research and development.
“Sec. 311. Isotope Development and Production for Research Applications.
“Sec. 312. Increased collaboration with teachers and scientists.
“Sec. 313. High intensity laser research initiative.
“Sec. 314. Helium conservation program.
“Sec. 315. Office of Science Emerging Infectious Disease Computing Research Initiative.
“Sec. 316. Authorization of appropriations.”.

(a) Innovate in America.—In carrying out this Act or the amendments made by this Act, the Secretary may not award a contract, subcontract, grant, or loan to an entity that—

(1) is owned or controlled by, is a subsidiary of, or is otherwise related legally or financially to a corporation based in a country that—

(A) is identified as a nonmarket economy country (as defined in section 771(18) of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1677(18))) as of the date of enactment of this Act;

(B) was identified by the United States Trade Representative in the most recent report required by section 182 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2242) as a priority foreign country under subsection (a)(2) of that section; and

(C) is subject to monitoring by the Trade Representative under section 306 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2416); or

(2) is listed pursuant to section 9(b)(3) of the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2020 (Public Law 116–145).

(b) Exception.—For purposes of subsection (a), the Secretary may issue a waiver, to be made publicly available, to an entity in which the legal or financial connection to a corporation is a minority relationship or investment.

(c) International agreements.—This section shall be applied in a manner consistent with the obligations of the United States under international agreements.

The budgetary effects of this Act, for the purpose of complying with the Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act of 2010, shall be determined by reference to the latest statement titled “Budgetary Effects of PAYGO Legislation” for this Act, submitted for printing in the Congressional Record by the Chairman of the House Budget Committee, provided that such statement has been submitted prior to the vote on passage.