“(a) Definitions.—In this subchapter—

“(1) the term ‘covered nonviolent offense’ means a Federal criminal offense that is not—

“(A) a crime of violence (as that term is defined in section 16); or

“(B) a sex offense (as that term is defined in section 111 of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (42 U.S.C. 16911));

“(2) the term ‘eligible individual’ means an individual who—

“(A) has been arrested for or convicted of a covered nonviolent offense;

“(B) in the case of a conviction described in subparagraph (A), has fulfilled each requirement of the sentence for the covered nonviolent offense, including—

“(i) completing each term of imprisonment, probation, or supervised release; and

“(ii) satisfying each condition of imprisonment, probation, or supervised release;

“(C) subject to subsection (b), has not been convicted of more than 2 felonies that are covered nonviolent offenses, including any such convictions that have been sealed; and

“(D) has not been convicted of any felony that is not a covered nonviolent offense;

“(3) the term ‘petitioner’ means an individual who files a sealing petition;

“(4) the term ‘protected information’, with respect to a covered nonviolent offense, means any reference to—

“(A) an arrest, conviction, or sentence of an individual for the offense;

“(B) the institution of criminal proceedings against an individual for the offense; or

“(C) the result of criminal proceedings described in subparagraph (B);

“(5) the term ‘seal’—

“(A) means—

“(i) to close a record from public viewing so that the record cannot be examined except by court order; and

“(ii) to physically seal the record shut and label the record ‘SEALED’ or, in the case of an electronic record, the substantive equivalent; and

“(B) has the effect described in section 3633, including—

“(i) the right to treat the offense to which a sealed record relates, and any arrest, criminal proceeding, conviction, or sentence relating to the offense, as if it never occurred; and

“(ii) protection from civil and criminal perjury, false swearing, and false statement laws with respect to a sealed record;

“(6) the term ‘sealing hearing’ means a hearing held under section 3632(b)(2); and

“(7) the term ‘sealing petition’ means a petition for a sealing order filed under section 3632(a).

“(b) Eligible individuals.—

“(1) MULTIPLE CONVICTIONS DEEMED TO BE ONE CONVICTION.—For purposes of subsection (a)(2)(C)—

“(A) multiple convictions shall be deemed to be 1 conviction if the convictions result from or relate to—

“(i) the same act; or

“(ii) acts committed at the same time; and

“(B) subject to paragraph (2), multiple convictions, not to exceed 3, that do not result from or relate to the same act or acts committed at the same time shall be deemed to be 1 conviction if the convictions—

“(i) result from or relate to—

“(I) the same—

“(aa) indictment, information, or complaint;

“(bb) plea of guilty; or

“(cc) official proceeding; or

“(II) related criminal acts that were committed within a 3-month period; or

“(ii) are determined to be directly related to addiction or a substance use disorder.

“(2) DISCRETION OF COURT.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—A court reviewing a sealing petition may determine that it is not in the public interest to deem multiple convictions described in paragraph (1)(B) to be 1 conviction.

“(B) REASONING.—If a court makes a determination under subparagraph (A), the court shall make available to the public the reasoning for the determination.

“(C) REPORTING.—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this subchapter, and each year thereafter, each district court of the United States shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report that describes the exercise of discretion by the court under subparagraph (B), with all relevant data disaggregated by race, ethnicity, gender, and the nature of the offense.

“(a) Right To file sealing petition.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—On and after the date described in paragraph (2), an eligible individual may file a petition for a sealing order with respect to a covered nonviolent offense in a district court of the United States.

“(2) DATES.—The date described in this paragraph is—

“(A) for an eligible individual who is convicted of a covered nonviolent offense and sentenced to a term of imprisonment, probation, or supervised release, the date that is 1 year after the date on which the eligible individual has completed every such term of imprisonment, probation, or supervised release; and

“(B) for an eligible individual not described in subparagraph (A), the date on which the case relating to the covered nonviolent offense is disposed of.

“(3) NOTICE OF OPPORTUNITY TO FILE PETITION.—

“(A) CONVICTED INDIVIDUALS.—

“(i) IN GENERAL.—If an individual is convicted of a covered nonviolent offense and will potentially be eligible to file a sealing petition with respect to the offense upon fulfilling each requirement of the sentence for the offense as described in section 3631(a)(2)(B), the court in which the individual is convicted shall, in writing, inform the individual, on each date described in clause (ii), of—

“(I) that potential eligibility;

“(II) the necessary procedures for filing the sealing petition; and

“(III) the benefits of sealing a record, including protection from civil and criminal perjury, false swearing, and false statement laws with respect to the record.

“(ii) DATES.—The dates described in this clause are—

“(I) the date on which the individual is convicted; and

“(II) the date on which the individual has completed every term of imprisonment, probation, or supervised release relating to the offense.

“(B) INDIVIDUALS NOT CONVICTED.—

“(i) ARREST ONLY.—If an individual is arrested for a covered nonviolent offense, criminal proceedings are not instituted against the individual for the offense, and the individual is potentially eligible to file a sealing petition with respect to the offense, on the date on which the case relating to the offense is disposed of, the arresting authority shall, in writing, inform the individual of—

“(I) that potential eligibility;

“(II) the necessary procedures for filing the sealing petition; and

“(III) the benefits of sealing a record, including protection from civil and criminal perjury, false swearing, and false statement laws with respect to the record.

“(ii) COURT PROCEEDINGS.—If an individual is arrested for a covered nonviolent offense, criminal proceedings are instituted against the individual for the offense, the individual is not convicted of the offense, and the individual is potentially eligible to file a sealing petition with respect to the offense, on the date on which the case relating to the offense is disposed of, the court in which the criminal proceedings take place shall, in writing, inform the individual of—

“(I) that potential eligibility;

“(II) the necessary procedures for filing the sealing petition; and

“(III) the benefits of sealing a record, including protection from civil and criminal perjury, false swearing, and false statement laws with respect to the record.

“(b) Procedures.—

“(1) NOTIFICATION TO PROSECUTOR.—If an individual files a petition under subsection (a) with respect to a covered nonviolent offense or arrest for a covered nonviolent offense, the district court in which the petition is filed shall provide notice of the petition—

“(A) to the office of the United States attorney that prosecuted or would have prosecuted the petitioner for the offense; and

“(B) upon the request of the petitioner, to any other individual that the petitioner determines may testify as to the—

“(i) conduct of the petitioner since the date of the offense or arrest; or

“(ii) reasons that the sealing order should be entered.

“(2) HEARING.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the date on which an individual files a sealing petition, the district court shall—

“(i) except as provided in subparagraph (D), conduct a hearing in accordance with subparagraph (B); and

“(ii) determine whether to enter a sealing order for the individual in accordance with paragraph (3).

“(B) OPPORTUNITY TO TESTIFY AND OFFER EVIDENCE.—

“(i) PETITIONER.—The petitioner may testify or offer evidence at the sealing hearing in support of sealing.

“(ii) PROSECUTOR.—The office of a United States attorney that receives notice under paragraph (1)(A) may send a representative to testify or offer evidence at the sealing hearing in support of or against sealing.

“(iii) OTHER INDIVIDUALS.—An individual who receives notice under paragraph (1)(B) may testify or offer evidence at the sealing hearing as to the issues described in clauses (i) and (ii) of that paragraph.

“(C) MAGISTRATE JUDGES.—A magistrate judge may preside over a hearing under this paragraph.

“(D) WAIVER OF HEARING.—If the petitioner and the United States attorney that receives notice under paragraph (1)(A) so agree, the court shall make a determination under paragraph (3) without a hearing.

“(3) BASIS FOR DECISION.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—In determining whether to enter a sealing order with respect to protected information relating to a covered nonviolent offense, the court—

“(i) shall consider—

“(I) the petition and any documents in the possession of the court; and

“(II) all the evidence and testimony presented at the sealing hearing, if such a hearing is conducted;

“(ii) may not consider any non-Federal nonviolent crimes for which the petitioner has been arrested or proceeded against, or of which the petitioner has been convicted; and

“(iii) shall balance—

“(I) (aa) the interest of public knowledge and safety; and

“(bb) the legitimate interest, if any, of the Government in maintaining the accessibility of the protected information, including any potential impact of sealing the protected information on Federal licensure, permit, or employment restrictions; against

“(II) (aa) the conduct and demonstrated desire of the petitioner to be rehabilitated and positively contribute to the community; and

“(bb) the interest of the petitioner in having the protected information sealed, including the harm of the protected information to the ability of the petitioner to secure and maintain employment.

“(B) BURDEN ON GOVERNMENT.—The burden shall be on the Government to show that the interests under subclause (I) of subparagraph (A)(iii) outweigh the interests of the petitioner under subclause (II) of that subparagraph.

“(4) WAITING PERIOD AFTER DENIAL.—If the district court denies a sealing petition, the petitioner may not file a new sealing petition with respect to the same offense until the date that is 2 years after the date of the denial.

“(5) UNIVERSAL FORM.—The Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall create a universal form, available over the Internet and in paper form, that an individual may use to file a sealing petition.

“(6) FEE WAIVER.—The Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall by regulation establish a minimally burdensome process under which indigent petitioners may obtain a waiver of any fee for filing a sealing petition.

“(7) REPORTING.—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this subchapter, and each year thereafter, each district court of the United States shall issue a public report that—

“(A) describes—

“(i) the number of sealing petitions granted and denied under this section; and

“(ii) the number of instances in which the office of a United States attorney supported or opposed a sealing petition;

“(B) includes any supporting data that the court determines relevant and that does not name any petitioner; and

“(C) disaggregates all relevant data by race, ethnicity, gender, and the nature of the offense.

“(8) PUBLIC DEFENDER ELIGIBILITY.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—The district court may, in its discretion, appoint counsel in accordance with the plan of the district court in operation under section 3006A to represent a petitioner for purposes of this section.

“(B) CONSIDERATIONS.—In making a determination whether to appoint counsel under subparagraph (A), the court shall consider—

“(i) the anticipated complexity of the sealing hearing, including the number and type of witnesses called to advocate against the sealing of the protected information of the petitioner; and

“(ii) the potential for adverse testimony by a victim or a representative of the office of the United States attorney.

“(a) In general.—Except as provided in this section, if a district court of the United States enters a sealing order with respect to a covered nonviolent offense, the offense and any arrest, criminal proceeding, conviction, or sentence relating to the offense shall be treated as if it never occurred.

“(b) Verification of sealing.—If a district court of the United States enters a sealing order with respect to a covered nonviolent offense, the court shall—

“(1) send a copy of the sealing order to each entity or person known to the court that possesses a record containing protected information that relates to the offense, including each—

“(A) law enforcement agency; and

“(B) public or private correctional or detention facility;

“(2) in the sealing order, require each entity or person described in paragraph (1) to—

“(A) seal the record in accordance with this section; and

“(B) submit a written certification to the court, under penalty of perjury, that the entity or person has sealed each paper and electronic copy of the record;

“(3) seal each paper and electronic copy of the record in the possession of the court; and

“(4) after receiving a written certification from each entity or person under paragraph (2)(B), notify the petitioner that each entity or person described in paragraph (1) has sealed each paper and electronic copy of the record.

“(c) Protection from perjury laws.—Except as provided in subsection (f)(3)(A), a petitioner with respect to whom a sealing order has been entered for a covered nonviolent offense shall not be subject to prosecution under any civil or criminal provision of Federal or State law relating to perjury, false swearing, or making a false statement, including section 1001, 1621, 1622, or 1623, for failing to recite or acknowledge any protected information with respect to the offense or respond to any inquiry made of the petitioner, relating to the protected information, for any purpose.

“(d) Attorney General nonpublic records.—The Attorney General—

“(1) shall maintain a nonpublic record of all protected information that has been sealed under this subchapter; and

“(2) may access or use protected information only—

“(A) for legitimate investigative purposes;

“(B) in defense of any civil suit arising out of the facts of the arrest or subsequent proceedings; or

“(C) if the Attorney General determines that disclosure is necessary to serve the interests of justice, public safety, or national security.

“(e) Law enforcement access.—A Federal or State law enforcement agency may access a record that is sealed under this subchapter solely—

“(1) to determine whether the individual to whom the record relates is eligible for a first-time-offender diversion program;

“(2) for investigatory, prosecutorial, or Federal supervision purposes; or

“(3) for a background check that relates to law enforcement employment or any employment that requires a government security clearance.

“(f) Prohibition on disclosure.—

“(1) PROHIBITION.—Except as provided in paragraph (3), it shall be unlawful to intentionally make or attempt to make an unauthorized disclosure of any protected information from a record that has been sealed under this subchapter.

“(2) PENALTY.—Any person who violates paragraph (1) shall be fined under this title, imprisoned for not more than 1 year, or both.

“(3) EXCEPTIONS.—

“(A) BACKGROUND CHECKS.—An individual who is the subject of a record sealed under this subchapter shall, and a Federal or State law enforcement agency that possesses such a record may, disclose the record in the case of a background check for—

“(i) law enforcement employment; or

“(ii) any position that a Federal agency designates as a—

“(I) national security position; or

“(II) high-risk, public trust position.

“(B) DISCLOSURE TO ARMED FORCES.—A person may disclose protected information from a record sealed under this subchapter to the Secretaries of the military departments (or the Secretary of Homeland Security with respect to the Coast Guard when it is not operating as a service in the Navy) for the purpose of vetting an enlistment or commission, or with regard to any member of the Armed Forces.

“(C) CRIMINAL AND JUVENILE PROCEEDINGS.—A prosecutor may disclose protected information from a record sealed under this subchapter if the information pertains to a potential witness in a Federal or State—

“(i) criminal proceeding; or

“(ii) juvenile delinquency proceeding.

“(D) AUTHORIZATION FOR INDIVIDUAL TO DISCLOSE OWN RECORD.—An individual who is the subject of a record sealed under this subchapter may choose to disclose the record.”.

Ҥ 5031. Definitions

“In this chapter—

“(1) the term ‘adjudication’ means a determination by a judge that a person committed an act of juvenile delinquency;

“(2) the term ‘conviction’ means a judgment or disposition in criminal court against a person following a finding of guilt by a judge or jury;

“(3) the term ‘destroy’ means to render a file unreadable, whether paper, electronic, or otherwise stored, by shredding, pulverizing, pulping, incinerating, overwriting, reformatting the media, or other means;

“(4) the term ‘expunge’—

“(A) means to destroy a record and obliterate the name of the person to whom the record pertains from each official index or public record; and

“(B) has the effect described in section 5044(c), including—

“(i) the right to treat an offense to which an expunged record relates, and any arrest, juvenile delinquency proceeding, adjudication, or other result of such proceeding relating to the offense, as if it never occurred; and

“(ii) protection from civil and criminal perjury, false swearing, and false statement laws with respect to an expunged record;

“(5) the term ‘expungement hearing’ means a hearing held under section 5044(b)(2)(B);

“(6) the term ‘expungement petition’ means a petition for expungement filed under section 5044(b);

“(7) the term ‘juvenile’ means—

“(A) except as provided in subparagraph (B), a person who has not attained the age of 18; and

“(B) for the purpose of proceedings and disposition under this chapter for an alleged act of juvenile delinquency, a person who has not attained the age of 21;

“(8) the term ‘juvenile delinquency’ means the violation of a law of the United States committed by a person before attaining the age of 18 which would have been a crime if committed by an adult, or a violation by such a person of section 922(x);

“(9) the term ‘juvenile nonviolent offense’ means an act of juvenile delinquency that is not—

“(A) a violent crime (as defined in section 103 of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (42 U.S.C. 5603)); or

“(B) a sex offense (as that term is defined in section 111 of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (42 U.S.C. 16911));

“(10) the term ‘juvenile record’—

“(A) means a record maintained by a court, the probation system, a law enforcement agency, or any other government agency, of the juvenile delinquency proceedings of a person; and

“(B) includes—

“(i) a juvenile legal file, including a formal document such as a petition, notice, motion, legal memorandum, order, or decree;

“(ii) a social record, including—

“(I) a record of a probation officer;

“(II) a record of any government agency that keeps records relating to juvenile delinquency;

“(III) a medical record;

“(IV) a psychiatric or psychological record;

“(V) a birth certificate;

“(VI) an education record, including an individualized education plan;

“(VII) a detention record;

“(VIII) demographic information that identifies a juvenile or the family of a juvenile; or

“(IX) any other record that includes personally identifiable information that may be associated with a juvenile delinquency proceeding, an act of juvenile delinquency, or an alleged act of juvenile delinquency;

“(iii) a law enforcement record, including—

“(I) fingerprints;

“(II) a DNA sample; or

“(III) a photograph; and

“(iv) a State criminal justice information system record;

“(11) the term ‘petitioner’ means a person who files an expungement petition or a sealing petition;

“(12) the term ‘seal’—

“(A) means—

“(i) to close a record from public viewing so that the record cannot be examined except by court order; and

“(ii) to physically seal the record shut and label the record ‘SEALED’ or, in the case of an electronic record, the substantive equivalent; and

“(B) has the effect described in section 5043(c), including—

“(i) the right to treat an offense to which a sealed record relates, and any arrest, juvenile delinquency proceeding, adjudication, or other result of such proceeding relating to the offense, as if it never occurred; and

“(ii) protection from civil and criminal perjury, false swearing, and false statement laws with respect to a sealed record;

“(13) the term ‘sealing hearing’ means a hearing held under section 3632(b)(2)(B); and

“(14) the term ‘sealing petition’ means a petition for a sealing order filed under section 5043(b).”.

“(a) Automatic sealing of nonviolent offenses.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—Three years after the date on which a person who is adjudicated delinquent under this chapter for a juvenile nonviolent offense completes every term of probation, official detention, or juvenile delinquent supervision ordered by the court with respect to the offense, the court shall order the sealing of each juvenile record or portion thereof that relates to the offense if the person—

“(A) has not been convicted of a crime or adjudicated delinquent for an act of juvenile delinquency since the date of the disposition; and

“(B) is not engaged in active criminal court proceedings or juvenile delinquency proceedings.

“(2) AUTOMATIC NATURE OF SEALING.—The order of sealing under paragraph (1) shall require no action by the person whose juvenile records are to be sealed.

“(3) NOTICE OF AUTOMATIC SEALING.—A court that orders the sealing of a juvenile record of a person under paragraph (1) shall, in writing, inform the person of the sealing and the benefits of sealing the record, including protection from civil and criminal perjury, false swearing, and false statement laws with respect to the record.

“(b) Petitioning for early sealing of nonviolent offenses.—

“(1) RIGHT TO FILE SEALING PETITION.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—During the 3-year period beginning on the date on which a person who is adjudicated delinquent under this chapter for a juvenile nonviolent offense completes every term of probation, official detention, or juvenile delinquent supervision ordered by the court with respect to the offense, the person may petition the court to seal the juvenile records that relate to the offense.

“(B) NOTICE OF OPPORTUNITY TO FILE PETITION.—If a person is adjudged delinquent for a juvenile nonviolent offense, the court in which the person is adjudged delinquent shall, in writing, inform the person of the potential eligibility of the person to file a sealing petition with respect to the offense upon completing every term of probation, official detention, or juvenile delinquent supervision ordered by the court with respect to the offense, and the necessary procedures for filing the sealing petition—

“(i) on the date on which the individual is adjudged delinquent; and

“(ii) on the date on which the individual has completed every term of probation, official detention, or juvenile delinquent supervision ordered by the court with respect to the offense.

“(2) PROCEDURES.—

“(A) NOTIFICATION TO PROSECUTOR.—If a person files a sealing petition with respect to a juvenile nonviolent offense, the court in which the petition is filed shall provide notice of the petition—

“(i) to the Attorney General; and

“(ii) upon the request of the petitioner, to any other individual that the petitioner determines may testify as to—

“(I) the conduct of the petitioner since the date of the offense; or

“(II) the reasons that the sealing order should be entered.

“(B) HEARING.—

“(i) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the date on which a person files a sealing petition, the court shall—

“(I) except as provided in clause (iii), conduct a hearing in accordance with clause (ii); and

“(II) determine whether to enter a sealing order for the person in accordance with subparagraph (C).

“(ii) OPPORTUNITY TO TESTIFY AND OFFER EVIDENCE.—

“(I) PETITIONER.—The petitioner may testify or offer evidence at the sealing hearing in support of sealing.

“(II) PROSECUTOR.—The Attorney General may send a representative to testify or offer evidence at the sealing hearing in support of or against sealing.

“(III) OTHER INDIVIDUALS.—An individual who receives notice under subparagraph (A)(ii) may testify or offer evidence at the sealing hearing as to the issues described in subclauses (I) and (II) of that subparagraph.

“(iii) WAIVER OF HEARING.—If the petitioner and the Attorney General so agree, the court shall make a determination under subparagraph (C) without a hearing.

“(C) BASIS FOR DECISION.—The court shall determine whether to grant the sealing petition after considering—

“(i) the sealing petition and any documents in the possession of the court;

“(ii) all the evidence and testimony presented at the sealing hearing, if such a hearing is conducted;

“(iii) the best interests of the petitioner;

“(iv) the age of the petitioner during his or her contact with the court or any law enforcement agency;

“(v) the nature of the juvenile nonviolent offense;

“(vi) the disposition of the case;

“(vii) the manner in which the petitioner participated in any court-ordered rehabilitative programming or supervised services;

“(viii) the length of the time period during which the petitioner has been without contact with any court or law enforcement agency;

“(ix) whether the petitioner has had any criminal or juvenile delinquency involvement since the disposition of the juvenile delinquency proceeding; and

“(x) the adverse consequences the petitioner may suffer if the petition is not granted.

“(D) WAITING PERIOD AFTER DENIAL.—If the court denies a sealing petition, the petitioner may not file a new sealing petition with respect to the same juvenile nonviolent offense until the date that is 2 years after the date of the denial.

“(E) UNIVERSAL FORM.—The Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall create a universal form, available over the Internet and in paper form, that an individual may use to file a sealing petition.

“(F) NO FEE FOR SEALING.—There shall be no cost for filing a sealing petition.

“(G) REPORTING.—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this section, and each year thereafter, each district court of the United States shall issue a public report that—

“(i) describes—

“(I) the number of sealing petitions granted and denied under this subsection; and

“(II) the number of instances in which the Attorney General supported or opposed a sealing petition;

“(ii) includes any supporting data that the court determines relevant and that does not name any petitioner; and

“(iii) disaggregates all relevant data by race, ethnicity, gender, and the nature of the offense.

“(H) PUBLIC DEFENDER ELIGIBILITY.—

“(i) PETITIONERS UNDER AGE 18.—The district court shall appoint counsel in accordance with the plan of the district court in operation under section 3006A to represent a petitioner for purposes of this subsection if the petitioner is less than 18 years of age.

“(ii) PETITIONERS AGE 18 AND OLDER.—

“(I) DISCRETION OF COURT.—In the case of a petitioner who not less than 18 years of age, the district court may, in its discretion, appoint counsel in accordance with the plan of the district court in operation under section 3006A to represent the petitioner for purposes of this subsection.

“(II) CONSIDERATIONS.—In determining whether to appoint counsel under subclause (I), the court shall consider—

“(aa) the anticipated complexity of the sealing hearing, including the number and type of witnesses called to advocate against the sealing of the records of the petitioner; and

“(bb) the potential for adverse testimony by a victim or a representative of the Attorney General.

“(c) Effect of sealing order.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in this subsection, if a court orders the sealing of a juvenile record under subsection (a) or (b) with respect to a juvenile nonviolent offense, the offense and any arrest, juvenile delinquency proceeding, adjudication, or other result of such proceeding relating to the offense shall be treated as if it never occurred.

“(2) VERIFICATION OF SEALING.—If a court orders the sealing of a juvenile record under subsection (a) or (b) with respect to a juvenile nonviolent offense, the court shall—

“(A) send a copy of the sealing order to each entity or person known to the court that possesses a record relating to the offense, including each—

“(i) law enforcement agency; and

“(ii) public or private correctional or detention facility;

“(B) in the sealing order, require each entity or person described in subparagraph (A) to—

“(i) seal the record; and

“(ii) submit a written certification to the court, under penalty of perjury, that the entity or person has sealed each paper and electronic copy of the record;

“(C) seal each paper and electronic copy of the record in the possession of the court; and

“(D) after receiving a written certification from each entity or person under subparagraph (B)(ii), notify the petitioner that each entity or person described in subparagraph (A) has sealed each paper and electronic copy of the record.

“(3) PROTECTION FROM PERJURY LAWS.—Except as provided in paragraph (5)(C)(i), the person who is the subject of a juvenile record sealed under subsection (a) or (b) or a parent of the person shall not be subject to prosecution under any civil or criminal provision of Federal or State law relating to perjury, false swearing, or making a false statement, including section 1001, 1621, 1622, or 1623, for failing to acknowledge the record or respond to any inquiry made of the person or the parent, relating to the record, for any purpose.

“(4) LAW ENFORCEMENT ACCESS TO SEALED RECORDS.—A law enforcement agency may access a sealed juvenile record of a person solely—

“(A) to determine whether the person is eligible for a first-time-offender diversion program;

“(B) for investigatory or prosecutorial purposes within the juvenile justice system; or

“(C) for a background check that relates to—

“(i) law enforcement employment; or

“(ii) any position that a Federal agency designates as a—

“(I) national security position; or

“(II) high-risk, public trust position.

“(5) PROHIBITION ON DISCLOSURE.—

“(A) PROHIBITION.—Except as provided in subparagraph (C), it shall be unlawful to intentionally make or attempt to make an unauthorized disclosure of any information from a sealed juvenile record in violation of this section.

“(B) PENALTY.—Any person who violates subparagraph (A) shall be fined under this title, imprisoned for not more than 1 year, or both.

“(C) EXCEPTIONS.—

“(i) BACKGROUND CHECKS.—A person who is the subject of a juvenile record sealed under this section shall, and a Federal or State law enforcement agency that possesses such a record may, disclose the record in the case of a background check for—

“(I) law enforcement employment; or

“(II) any employment that requires a government security clearance.

“(ii) DISCLOSURE TO ARMED FORCES.—A person may disclose information from a sealed juvenile record to the Secretaries of the military departments (or the Secretary of Homeland Security with respect to the Coast Guard when it is not operating as a service in the Navy) for the purpose of vetting an enlistment or commission, or with regard to any member of the Armed Forces.

“(iii) CRIMINAL AND JUVENILE PROCEEDINGS.—A prosecutor may disclose information from a juvenile record sealed under this section if the information pertains to a potential witness in a Federal or State—

“(I) criminal proceeding; or

“(II) juvenile delinquency proceeding.

“(iv) AUTHORIZATION FOR PERSON TO DISCLOSE OWN RECORD.—A person who is the subject of a juvenile record sealed under this section may choose to disclose the record.

“(a) Automatic expungement of certain records.—

“(1) ATTORNEY GENERAL MOTION.—

“(A) NONVIOLENT OFFENSES COMMITTED BEFORE A PERSON TURNED 15.—If a person is adjudicated delinquent under this chapter for a juvenile nonviolent offense committed before the person attained 15 years of age, on the date on which the person attains 18 years of age, the Attorney General shall file a motion in the district court of the United States in which the person was adjudicated delinquent requesting that each juvenile record of the person that relates to the offense be expunged.

“(B) ARRESTS.—If a juvenile is arrested for an offense for which a juvenile delinquency proceeding is not instituted under this subchapter, the Attorney General shall file a motion in the district court of the United States that would have had jurisdiction of the proceeding requesting that each juvenile record relating to the arrest be expunged.

“(C) EXPUNGEMENT ORDER.—Upon the filing of a motion in a district court of the United States with respect to a juvenile nonviolent offense under subparagraph (A) or an arrest for an offense under subparagraph (B), the court shall grant the motion and order that each juvenile record relating to the offense or arrest, as applicable, be expunged.

“(2) DISMISSED CASES.—If a district court of the United States dismisses an information with respect to a juvenile under this subchapter or finds a juvenile not to be delinquent in a juvenile delinquency proceeding under this subchapter, the court shall concurrently order that each juvenile record relating to the applicable proceeding be expunged.

“(3) AUTOMATIC NATURE OF EXPUNGEMENT.—An order of expungement under paragraph (1)(C) or (2) shall not require any action by the person whose records are to be expunged.

“(4) NOTICE OF AUTOMATIC EXPUNGEMENT.—A court that orders the expungement of a juvenile record of a person under paragraph (1)(C) or (2) shall, in writing, inform the person of the expungement and the benefits of expunging the record, including protection from civil and criminal perjury, false swearing, and false statement laws with respect to the record.

“(b) Petitioning for expungement of nonviolent offenses.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—A person who is adjudged delinquent under this chapter for a juvenile nonviolent offense committed on or after the date on which the person attained 15 years of age may petition the court in which the proceeding took place to order the expungement of the juvenile record that relates to the offense.

“(2) PROCEDURES.—

“(A) NOTIFICATION OF PROSECUTOR AND VICTIMS.—If a person files an expungement petition with respect to a juvenile nonviolent offense, the court in which the petition is filed shall provide notice of the petition—

“(i) to the Attorney General; and

“(ii) upon the request of the petitioner, to any other individual that the petitioner determines may testify as to—

“(I) the conduct of the petitioner since the date of the offense; or

“(II) the reasons that the expungement order should be entered.

“(B) HEARING.—

“(i) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the date on which a person files an expungement petition, the court shall—

“(I) except as provided in clause (iii), conduct a hearing in accordance with clause (ii); and

“(II) determine whether to enter an expungement order for the person in accordance with subparagraph (C).

“(ii) OPPORTUNITY TO TESTIFY AND OFFER EVIDENCE.—

“(I) PETITIONER.—The petitioner may testify or offer evidence at the expungement hearing in support of expungement.

“(II) PROSECUTOR.—The Attorney General may send a representative to testify or offer evidence at the expungement hearing in support of or against expungement.

“(III) OTHER INDIVIDUALS.—An individual who receives notice under subparagraph (A)(ii) may testify or offer evidence at the expungement hearing as to the issues described in subclauses (I) and (II) of that subparagraph.

“(C) BASIS FOR DECISION.—The court shall determine whether to grant an expungement petition after considering—

“(i) the petition and any documents in the possession of the court;

“(ii) all the evidence and testimony presented at the expungement hearing, if such a hearing is conducted;

“(iii) the best interests of the petitioner;

“(iv) the age of the petitioner during his or her contact with the court or any law enforcement agency;

“(v) the nature of the juvenile nonviolent offense;

“(vi) the disposition of the case;

“(vii) the manner in which the petitioner participated in any court-ordered rehabilitative programming or supervised services;

“(viii) the length of the time period during which the petitioner has been without contact with any court or any law enforcement agency;

“(ix) whether the petitioner has had any criminal or juvenile delinquency involvement since the disposition of the juvenile delinquency proceeding; and

“(x) the adverse consequences the petitioner may suffer if the petition is not granted.

“(D) WAITING PERIOD AFTER DENIAL.—If the court denies an expungement petition, the petitioner may not file a new expungement petition with respect to the same offense until the date that is 2 years after the date of the denial.

“(E) UNIVERSAL FORM.—The Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall create a universal form, available over the Internet and in paper form, that an individual may use to file an expungement petition.

“(F) NO FEE FOR EXPUNGEMENT.—There shall be no cost for filing an expungement petition.

“(G) REPORTING.—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this section, and each year thereafter, each district court of the United States shall issue a public report that—

“(i) describes—

“(I) the number of expungement petitions granted and denied under this subsection; and

“(II) the number of instances in which the Attorney General supported or opposed an expungement petition;

“(ii) includes any supporting data that the court determines relevant and that does not name any petitioner; and

“(iii) disaggregates all relevant data by race, ethnicity, gender, and the nature of the offense.

“(H) PUBLIC DEFENDER ELIGIBILITY.—

“(i) PETITIONERS UNDER AGE 18.—The district court shall appoint counsel in accordance with the plan of the district court in operation under section 3006A to represent a petitioner for purposes of this subsection if the petitioner is less than 18 years of age.

“(ii) PETITIONERS AGE 18 AND OLDER.—

“(I) DISCRETION OF COURT.—In the case of a petitioner who not less than 18 years of age, the district court may, in its discretion, appoint counsel in accordance with the plan of the district court in operation under section 3006A to represent the petitioner for purposes of this subsection.

“(II) CONSIDERATIONS.—In determining whether to appoint counsel under subclause (I), the court shall consider—

“(aa) the anticipated complexity of the expungement hearing, including the number and type of witnesses called to advocate against the expungement of the records of the petitioner; and

“(bb) the potential for adverse testimony by a victim or a representative of the Attorney General.

“(c) Effect of expunged juvenile record.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in this subsection, if a court orders the expungement of a juvenile record under subsection (a) or (b) with respect to a juvenile nonviolent offense—

“(A) the offense and any arrest, juvenile delinquency proceeding, adjudication, or other result of such proceeding relating to the offense shall be treated as if it never occurred; and

“(B) the person to whom the record pertains shall not be required to disclose the existence of the record.

“(2) VERIFICATION OF EXPUNGEMENT.—If a court orders the expungement of a juvenile record under subsection (a) or (b) with respect to a juvenile nonviolent offense, the court shall—

“(A) send a copy of the expungement order to each entity or person known to the court that possesses a record relating to the offense, including each—

“(i) law enforcement agency; and

“(ii) public or private correctional or detention facility;

“(B) in the expungement order, require each entity or person described in subparagraph (A) to—

“(i) destroy the record; and

“(ii) submit a written certification to the court, under penalty of perjury, that the entity or person has destroyed each paper and electronic copy of the record;

“(C) destroy each paper and electronic copy of the record in the possession of the court; and

“(D) after receiving a written certification from each entity or person under subparagraph (B)(ii), notify the petitioner that each entity or person described in subparagraph (A) has destroyed each paper and electronic copy of the record.

“(3) REPLY TO INQUIRIES.—In the case of an inquiry relating to a juvenile record of a person that is expunged under this section, the court in which the proceeding took place, each law enforcement officer, any agency that provided treatment or rehabilitation services to the person, and the person (except as provided in paragraph (6)) shall reply to the inquiry that no such juvenile record exists.

“(4) PROTECTION FROM PERJURY LAWS.—Except as provided in paragraph (5), if a juvenile record of a person is expunged under this section, the person who is the subject of the record or a parent of the person shall not be subject to prosecution under any civil or criminal provision of Federal or State law relating to perjury, false swearing, or making a false statement, including section 1001, 1621, 1622, or 1623, for failing to acknowledge the record or respond to any inquiry made of the person or the parent, relating to the record, for any purpose.

“(5) CIVIL ACTIONS.—

“(A) IN GENERAL.—If a person whose juvenile record is expunged under this section brings an action that might be defended with the contents of the record, there shall be a rebuttable presumption that the defendant has a complete defense to the action.

“(B) SHOWING BY PLAINTIFF.—In an action described in subparagraph (A), the plaintiff may rebut the presumption of a complete defense by showing that the contents of the expunged record would not prevent the defendant from being liable.

“(C) DUTY TO TESTIFY AS TO EXISTENCE OF RECORD.—The court in which an action described in subparagraph (A) is filed may require the plaintiff to state under oath whether the plaintiff had a juvenile record and whether the record was expunged.

“(D) PROOF OF EXISTENCE OF JUVENILE RECORD.—If the plaintiff in an action described in subparagraph (A) denies the existence of a juvenile record, the defendant may prove the existence of the record in any manner compatible with the applicable laws of evidence.

“(6) CRIMINAL AND JUVENILE PROCEEDINGS.—A prosecutor may disclose information from a juvenile record expunged under this section if the information pertains to a potential witness in a Federal or State—

“(A) criminal proceeding; or

“(B) juvenile delinquency proceeding.

“(7) AUTHORIZATION FOR PERSON TO DISCLOSE OWN RECORD.—A person who is the subject of a juvenile record expunged under this section may choose to disclose the record.”.

Ҥ 5045. Juvenile solitary confinement

“(a) Definitions.—In this section—

“(1) the term ‘covered juvenile’ means—

“(A) a juvenile who—

“(i) is being proceeded against under this chapter for an alleged act of juvenile delinquency; or

“(ii) has been adjudicated delinquent under this chapter; or

“(B) a juvenile who is being proceeded against as an adult in a district court of the United States for an alleged criminal offense;

“(2) the term ‘juvenile facility’ means any facility where covered juveniles are—

“(A) committed pursuant to an adjudication of delinquency under this chapter; or

“(B) detained prior to disposition or conviction; and

“(3) the term ‘room confinement’ means the involuntary placement of a covered juvenile alone in a cell, room, or other area for any reason.

“(b) Prohibition on room confinement in juvenile facilities.—

“(1) IN GENERAL.—The use of room confinement at a juvenile facility for discipline, punishment, retaliation, or any reason other than as a temporary response to a covered juvenile's behavior that poses a serious and immediate risk of physical harm to any individual, including the covered juvenile, is prohibited.

“(2) JUVENILES POSING RISK OF HARM.—

“(A) REQUIREMENT TO USE LEAST RESTRICTIVE TECHNIQUES.—

“(i) IN GENERAL.—Before a staff member of a juvenile facility places a covered juvenile in room confinement, the staff member shall attempt to use less restrictive techniques, including—

“(I) talking with the covered juvenile in an attempt to de-escalate the situation; and

“(II) permitting a qualified mental health professional, or a staff member who has received training in de-escalation techniques and trauma-informed care, to talk to the covered juvenile.

“(ii) EXPLANATION.—If, after attempting to use less restrictive techniques as required under clause (i), a staff member of a juvenile facility decides to place a covered juvenile in room confinement, the staff member shall first—

“(I) explain to the covered juvenile the reasons for the room confinement; and

“(II) inform the covered juvenile that release from room confinement will occur—

“(aa) immediately when the covered juvenile regains self-control, as described in subparagraph (B)(i); or

“(bb) not later than after the expiration of the time period described in subclause (I) or (II) of subparagraph (B)(ii), as applicable.

“(B) MAXIMUM PERIOD OF CONFINEMENT.—If a covered juvenile is placed in room confinement because the covered juvenile poses a serious and immediate risk of physical harm to himself or herself, or to others, the covered juvenile shall be released—

“(i) immediately when the covered juvenile has sufficiently gained control so as to no longer engage in behavior that threatens serious and immediate risk of physical harm to himself or herself, or to others; or

“(ii) if a covered juvenile does not sufficiently gain control as described in clause (i), not later than—

“(I) 3 hours after being placed in room confinement, in the case of a covered juvenile who poses a serious and immediate risk of physical harm to others; or

“(II) 30 minutes after being placed in room confinement, in the case of a covered juvenile who poses a serious and immediate risk of physical harm only to himself or herself.

“(C) RISK OF HARM AFTER MAXIMUM PERIOD OF CONFINEMENT.—If, after the applicable maximum period of confinement under subclause (I) or (II) of subparagraph (B)(ii) has expired, a covered juvenile continues to pose a serious and immediate risk of physical harm described in that subclause—

“(i) the covered juvenile shall be transferred immediately to another juvenile facility or internal location where services can be provided to the covered juvenile without relying on room confinement; or

“(ii) if a qualified mental health professional believes the level of crisis service needed is not currently available, a staff member of the juvenile facility shall immediately transport the juvenile to—

“(I) an emergency medical facility; or

“(II) an equivalent location that can meet the needs of the covered juvenile.

“(D) ACTION BEFORE EXPIRATION OF TIME LIMIT.—Nothing in subparagraph (C) shall be construed to prohibit an action described in clause (i) or (ii) of that subparagraph from being taken before the applicable maximum period of confinement under subclause (I) or (II) of subparagraph (B)(ii) has expired.

“(E) CONDITIONS.—A room used for room confinement for a juvenile shall—

“(i) have not less than 80 square feet of floor space;

“(ii) have adequate lighting, heating or cooling (as applicable), and ventilation for the comfort of the juvenile;

“(iii) be suicide-resistant and protrusion-free; and

“(iv) have access to clean potable water, toilet facilities, and hygiene supplies.

“(F) NOTICE.—

“(i) USE OF ROOM CONFINEMENT.—Not later than 1 business day after the date on which a juvenile facility places a covered juvenile in room confinement, the juvenile facility shall provide notice to the attorney of record for the juvenile.

“(ii) TRANSFER.—Not later than 24 hours after a covered juvenile is transferred from a juvenile facility to another location, the juvenile facility shall provide notice to—

“(I) the attorney of record for the juvenile; and

“(II) an authorized parent or guardian of the juvenile.

“(G) SPIRIT AND PURPOSE.—The use of consecutive periods of room confinement to evade the spirit and purpose of this subsection shall be prohibited.

“(c) Study and report.—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this section, and each year thereafter, the Attorney General shall submit to Congress a report that—

“(1) contains a detailed description of the type of physical force, restraints, and room confinement used at juvenile facilities;

“(2) describes the number of instances in which physical force, restraints, or room confinement are used at juvenile facilities, disaggregated by race, ethnicity, and gender; and

“(3) contains a detailed description of steps taken, in each instance in which room confinement is used at a juvenile facility, to address and remedy the underlying issue that led to behavioral intervention resulting in the use of room confinement, including any positive or negative outcomes.”.