The NSF Plant Biology Act aims to authorize grants for plant and microbial biology research relevant to agriculture, food, and biotechnology. These grants will be awarded through a competitive, merit-based process to various institutions and entities, including higher education, nonprofit organizations, and government bodies. The bill also specifies the areas the research should cover, such as fundamental plant biology and technology advancements. Additionally, it includes an appropriation of $150,000,000 annually for fiscal years 2026 through 2031. The bill also amends the definition of "nonprofit organization" to align with the Internal Revenue Code.