The bill recognizes the cultural, spiritual, and subsistence significance of buffalo to Indian Tribes. Its main purposes are to promote the management and conservation of buffalo and their habitat by Indian Tribes, enhance Tribal capacity, and establish federal-tribal cooperation. The Act authorizes contracts, grants, and technical assistance for buffalo restoration and management programs, ensures tribal consultation and coordination with the Department of the Interior, protects sensitive tribal information, allows disposal of surplus federal buffalo to Indian Tribes, and retains treaty rights. The Act's authority is effective for seven years after enactment.