The bill proposes reforms to the Espionage Act by amending sections related to gathering, transmitting, or losing defense information and disclosure of classified information. It introduces specific intent requirements, definitions of 'covered person' and 'foreign agent,' and affirmative defenses for disclosing violations or dangers to public health. Defendants charged under these sections will be allowed to testify about their purpose for engaging in the prohibited conduct. The bill strives to protect whistleblowers disclosing violations, mismanagement, or dangers to public safety.